Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption

Boiling potable water utilizing 11 household/office electrical kettles for sterilization and aesthetic purposes is common among all age groups. However, the effect of continued boiling of the same water multiple times utilizing household electrical kettles on potable water quality has not been inves...

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Autores principales:	Bader S. Al-Anzi, Litty Abraham, A. Bamanga
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	boiling drinking water kettle total dissolved solids Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2d49c18d8246475e857591a8f9f89540
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2d49c18d8246475e857591a8f9f895402021-11-23T18:22:37ZAssessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption2043-90832408-936210.2166/washdev.2021.028https://doaj.org/article/2d49c18d8246475e857591a8f9f895402021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/6/916https://doaj.org/toc/2043-9083https://doaj.org/toc/2408-9362Boiling potable water utilizing 11 household/office electrical kettles for sterilization and aesthetic purposes is common among all age groups. However, the effect of continued boiling of the same water multiple times utilizing household electrical kettles on potable water quality has not been investigated previously; thus, the current study experimentally investigates the effect of reboiling potable water seven times on potable water quality. Kettle H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration increase in Cl− and of 62.5 and 104%, respectively. In the case of cations, kettles I (Dexon Glass) and H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration values for Na+ (48.8 ppm) ion in comparison with Ca2+ (31.8 ppm; kettle K (Moulinex)) and Mg2+ (5.8 ppm; kettles I and H). Kettles A (Sharp) and E (Black + Decker) showed a total dissolved solids (TDS) value of 34 ppm and a pH value of 9.05, respectively, after the second boiling that is undesirable as per the permissible standards. It is observed that kettles with a water compartment made of stainless steel displayed values closer to the raw sample after one to two boils as per anions, pH and TDS analyses. Moulinex, Tokyo, Wansa and Bosch showed the best results in the case of various analyses. HIGHLIGHTS Impacts of reboiling of water in various kettles.; Represented the physiochemical changes of water upon boiling.; Compared the results with regulatory standards.; Informed choice for the consumer in choosing kettles.;Bader S. Al-AnziLitty AbrahamA. BamangaIWA Publishingarticleboilingdrinking waterkettletotal dissolved solidsEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENJournal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol 11, Iss 6, Pp 916-925 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	boiling drinking water kettle total dissolved solids Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	boiling drinking water kettle total dissolved solids Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Bader S. Al-Anzi Litty Abraham A. Bamanga Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
description	Boiling potable water utilizing 11 household/office electrical kettles for sterilization and aesthetic purposes is common among all age groups. However, the effect of continued boiling of the same water multiple times utilizing household electrical kettles on potable water quality has not been investigated previously; thus, the current study experimentally investigates the effect of reboiling potable water seven times on potable water quality. Kettle H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration increase in Cl− and of 62.5 and 104%, respectively. In the case of cations, kettles I (Dexon Glass) and H (Dexon) recorded the highest concentration values for Na+ (48.8 ppm) ion in comparison with Ca2+ (31.8 ppm; kettle K (Moulinex)) and Mg2+ (5.8 ppm; kettles I and H). Kettles A (Sharp) and E (Black + Decker) showed a total dissolved solids (TDS) value of 34 ppm and a pH value of 9.05, respectively, after the second boiling that is undesirable as per the permissible standards. It is observed that kettles with a water compartment made of stainless steel displayed values closer to the raw sample after one to two boils as per anions, pH and TDS analyses. Moulinex, Tokyo, Wansa and Bosch showed the best results in the case of various analyses. HIGHLIGHTS Impacts of reboiling of water in various kettles.; Represented the physiochemical changes of water upon boiling.; Compared the results with regulatory standards.; Informed choice for the consumer in choosing kettles.;
format	article
author	Bader S. Al-Anzi Litty Abraham A. Bamanga
author_facet	Bader S. Al-Anzi Litty Abraham A. Bamanga
author_sort	Bader S. Al-Anzi
title	Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
title_short	Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
title_full	Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
title_fullStr	Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
title_full_unstemmed	Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
title_sort	assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2d49c18d8246475e857591a8f9f89540
work_keys_str_mv	AT badersalanzi assessmentofmultipleboilingofpotablewaterutilizinghouseholdkettlesforconsumption AT littyabraham assessmentofmultipleboilingofpotablewaterutilizinghouseholdkettlesforconsumption AT abamanga assessmentofmultipleboilingofpotablewaterutilizinghouseholdkettlesforconsumption
_version_	1718416142561705984

Assessment of multiple boiling of potable water utilizing household kettles for consumption

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