Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.

<h4>Background</h4>Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are unique microbial co-metabolites. Both co-metabolites have been involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and renal disease progression. Available evidence suggests that indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfa...

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Autores principales:	Liesbeth Viaene, Lutgarde Thijs, Yu Jin, Yanping Liu, Yumei Gu, Björn Meijers, Kathleen Claes, Jan Staessen, Pieter Evenepoel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2d6de5d9975e449f9cdd6f6098ca4b46
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2d6de5d9975e449f9cdd6f6098ca4b462021-11-18T08:18:21ZHeritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0079682https://doaj.org/article/2d6de5d9975e449f9cdd6f6098ca4b462014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24850265/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are unique microbial co-metabolites. Both co-metabolites have been involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and renal disease progression. Available evidence suggests that indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate may be considered candidate biomarkers of the human enterotype and may help to explain the link between diet and cardiovascular disease burden.<h4>Objective and design</h4>Information on clinical determinants and heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate serum is non-existing. To clarify this issue, the authors determined serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in 773 individuals, recruited in the frame of the Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes (FLEMENGHO study).<h4>Results</h4>Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate amounted to 3.1 (2.4-4.3) and 13.0 (7.4-21.5) μM, respectively. Regression analysis identified renal function, age and sex as independent determinants of both co-metabolites. Both serum indoxyl sulfate (h2 = 0.17) and p-cresyl sulfate (h2 = 0.18) concentrations showed moderate but significant heritability after adjustment for covariables, with significant genetic and environmental correlations for both co-metabolites.<h4>Limitations</h4>Family studies cannot provide conclusive evidence for a genetic contribution, as confounding by shared environmental effects can never be excluded.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate is moderate. Besides genetic host factors and environmental factors, also renal function, sex and age influence the serum levels of these co-metabolites.Liesbeth ViaeneLutgarde ThijsYu JinYanping LiuYumei GuBjörn MeijersKathleen ClaesJan StaessenPieter EvenepoelPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 5, p e79682 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Liesbeth Viaene Lutgarde Thijs Yu Jin Yanping Liu Yumei Gu Björn Meijers Kathleen Claes Jan Staessen Pieter Evenepoel Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are unique microbial co-metabolites. Both co-metabolites have been involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and renal disease progression. Available evidence suggests that indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate may be considered candidate biomarkers of the human enterotype and may help to explain the link between diet and cardiovascular disease burden.<h4>Objective and design</h4>Information on clinical determinants and heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate serum is non-existing. To clarify this issue, the authors determined serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in 773 individuals, recruited in the frame of the Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes (FLEMENGHO study).<h4>Results</h4>Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate amounted to 3.1 (2.4-4.3) and 13.0 (7.4-21.5) μM, respectively. Regression analysis identified renal function, age and sex as independent determinants of both co-metabolites. Both serum indoxyl sulfate (h2 = 0.17) and p-cresyl sulfate (h2 = 0.18) concentrations showed moderate but significant heritability after adjustment for covariables, with significant genetic and environmental correlations for both co-metabolites.<h4>Limitations</h4>Family studies cannot provide conclusive evidence for a genetic contribution, as confounding by shared environmental effects can never be excluded.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate is moderate. Besides genetic host factors and environmental factors, also renal function, sex and age influence the serum levels of these co-metabolites.
format	article
author	Liesbeth Viaene Lutgarde Thijs Yu Jin Yanping Liu Yumei Gu Björn Meijers Kathleen Claes Jan Staessen Pieter Evenepoel
author_facet	Liesbeth Viaene Lutgarde Thijs Yu Jin Yanping Liu Yumei Gu Björn Meijers Kathleen Claes Jan Staessen Pieter Evenepoel
author_sort	Liesbeth Viaene
title	Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
title_short	Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
title_full	Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
title_fullStr	Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
title_full_unstemmed	Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
title_sort	heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/2d6de5d9975e449f9cdd6f6098ca4b46
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Heritability and clinical determinants of serum indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, candidate biomarkers of the human microbiome enterotype.

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