The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth

In this paper we examined the interaction between greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy, coal energy, urban agglomeration, and economic growth in Pakistan by utilizing time series data during 1972–2019. The stationarity of the variables was tested through unit root tests, while the ARDL (autoregr...

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Autores principales:	Abdul Rehman, Hengyun Ma, Magdalena Radulescu, Crenguta Ileana Sinisi, Loredana Maria Paunescu, MD Shabbir Alam, Rafael Alvarado
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	GHG emissions energy consumption nuclear energy economic growth carbon emission environment Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2da7f3f7598e47989a6aeb32f74f9cfc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2da7f3f7598e47989a6aeb32f74f9cfc2021-11-25T17:28:04ZThe Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth10.3390/en142277031996-1073https://doaj.org/article/2da7f3f7598e47989a6aeb32f74f9cfc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/22/7703https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073In this paper we examined the interaction between greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy, coal energy, urban agglomeration, and economic growth in Pakistan by utilizing time series data during 1972–2019. The stationarity of the variables was tested through unit root tests, while the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) method with long and short-run estimations was applied to reveal the linkages between variables. A unidirectional association between all variables was revealed by performing a Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) that was extracted during the short-run estimate. Furthermore, the stepwise least squares technique was also utilized to check the robustness of the variables. The findings of long-run estimations showed that GHG emissions, coal energy, and urban agglomeration have an adversative association with economic growth in Pakistan, while nuclear energy showed a dynamic association with the economic growth. The outcomes of short-run estimations also show that nuclear energy has a constructive association with economic growth, while the remaining variables exposed an adversative linkage to economic growth in Pakistan. Similarly, the Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) outcomes exposes that all variables have unidirectional association. Furthermore, the outcomes of the stepwise least squares technique reveals that GHG emissions and coal energy have an adverse association with economic growth, and variables nuclear energy and urban agglomeration have a productive linkage to the economic growth in Pakistan. GHG emissions are no doubt an emerging issue globally; therefore, conservative policies and financial support are needed to tackle this issue. Despite the fact that Pakistan contributes less to greenhouse gas emissions than industrialized countries, the government must implement new policies to address this problem in order to contribute to environmental sustainability while also enhancing economic development.Abdul RehmanHengyun MaMagdalena RadulescuCrenguta Ileana SinisiLoredana Maria PaunescuMD Shabbir AlamRafael AlvaradoMDPI AGarticleGHG emissionsenergy consumptionnuclear energyeconomic growthcarbon emissionenvironmentTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7703, p 7703 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	GHG emissions energy consumption nuclear energy economic growth carbon emission environment Technology T
spellingShingle	GHG emissions energy consumption nuclear energy economic growth carbon emission environment Technology T Abdul Rehman Hengyun Ma Magdalena Radulescu Crenguta Ileana Sinisi Loredana Maria Paunescu MD Shabbir Alam Rafael Alvarado The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
description	In this paper we examined the interaction between greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy, coal energy, urban agglomeration, and economic growth in Pakistan by utilizing time series data during 1972–2019. The stationarity of the variables was tested through unit root tests, while the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) method with long and short-run estimations was applied to reveal the linkages between variables. A unidirectional association between all variables was revealed by performing a Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) that was extracted during the short-run estimate. Furthermore, the stepwise least squares technique was also utilized to check the robustness of the variables. The findings of long-run estimations showed that GHG emissions, coal energy, and urban agglomeration have an adversative association with economic growth in Pakistan, while nuclear energy showed a dynamic association with the economic growth. The outcomes of short-run estimations also show that nuclear energy has a constructive association with economic growth, while the remaining variables exposed an adversative linkage to economic growth in Pakistan. Similarly, the Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) outcomes exposes that all variables have unidirectional association. Furthermore, the outcomes of the stepwise least squares technique reveals that GHG emissions and coal energy have an adverse association with economic growth, and variables nuclear energy and urban agglomeration have a productive linkage to the economic growth in Pakistan. GHG emissions are no doubt an emerging issue globally; therefore, conservative policies and financial support are needed to tackle this issue. Despite the fact that Pakistan contributes less to greenhouse gas emissions than industrialized countries, the government must implement new policies to address this problem in order to contribute to environmental sustainability while also enhancing economic development.
format	article
author	Abdul Rehman Hengyun Ma Magdalena Radulescu Crenguta Ileana Sinisi Loredana Maria Paunescu MD Shabbir Alam Rafael Alvarado
author_facet	Abdul Rehman Hengyun Ma Magdalena Radulescu Crenguta Ileana Sinisi Loredana Maria Paunescu MD Shabbir Alam Rafael Alvarado
author_sort	Abdul Rehman
title	The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
title_short	The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
title_full	The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
title_fullStr	The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
title_full_unstemmed	The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth
title_sort	energy mix dilemma and environmental sustainability: interaction among greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy, urban agglomeration, and economic growth
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2da7f3f7598e47989a6aeb32f74f9cfc
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The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth

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