Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band

Textile patch antennas of simple rectangular, triangular, and circular shape, for operation in the 2.4–2.5 GHz free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, are designed in this paper. Thirty-six patch antenna prototypes have been fabricated by engaging different patch geometries, patch mater...

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Autores principales:	Theodoros N. Kapetanakis, Christos D. Nikolopoulos, Konstantinos Petridis, Ioannis O. Vardiambasis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	patch antenna curved antenna textile antenna wearable antenna graphene sheet patch conductive fabric patch Electronics TK7800-8360
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2dccde2ee1de49239dbca6838b8d5331
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2dccde2ee1de49239dbca6838b8d53312021-11-11T15:36:41ZWearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band10.3390/electronics102125712079-9292https://doaj.org/article/2dccde2ee1de49239dbca6838b8d53312021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/21/2571https://doaj.org/toc/2079-9292Textile patch antennas of simple rectangular, triangular, and circular shape, for operation in the 2.4–2.5 GHz free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, are designed in this paper. Thirty-six patch antenna prototypes have been fabricated by engaging different patch geometries, patch materials, and substrate materials. Each patch antenna is designed after optimization by a genetic algorithm, which evolves the initial dimensions and feeding position of the prototype’s microstrip counterpart to the final optimal geometrical characteristics of the wearable prototype (with the originally selected shape and materials). The impact of the design and fabrication details on antenna performance were thoroughly investigated. Graphene sheet patches were tested against conductive fabric and copper sheet ones, while denim and felt textile substrates were competing. The comparative study between a large number of different graphene, all, and copper textile prototypes, which revealed the excellent suitability of graphene for wearable applications, is the main contribution of this paper. Additional novelty elements are the compact, flexible, and easy-to-fabricate structure of the proposed antennas, as well as the use of state-of-the-art conductive materials and commercially available fabrics and the extensive investigation of many prototypes in various bending conditions. Simulations and measurements of the proposed antennas are in very good agreement. All fabricated prototypes are characterized by flexibility, light weight, mechanical stability, resistance to shock, bending and vibrations, unhindered integration to clothes, low-cost implementation, simple, time-saving, and industry-compatible fabrication process, and low specific absorption rate (SAR) values (computed using rectangular and voxel models); the graphene prototypes are additionally resistant to corrosion, and the circular ones have very good performance under bending conditions. Many antenna prototypes demonstrate interesting characteristics, such as relatively wide bandwidth, adequate gain, firm radiation patterns, coverage of the ISM band even under bending, and very low SAR values. For example, the circular graphene patch (with 55.3 mm diameter attached upon a 165.9 × 165.9 mm) felt substrate CGsF1 prototype accomplishes 109 MHz measured bandwidth, 5.45 dBi gain, 56% efficiency, full coverage of the ISM band under bending, and SAR less than 0.003 W/Kg.Theodoros N. KapetanakisChristos D. NikolopoulosKonstantinos PetridisIoannis O. VardiambasisMDPI AGarticlepatch antennacurved antennatextile antennawearable antennagraphene sheet patchconductive fabric patchElectronicsTK7800-8360ENElectronics, Vol 10, Iss 2571, p 2571 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	patch antenna curved antenna textile antenna wearable antenna graphene sheet patch conductive fabric patch Electronics TK7800-8360
spellingShingle	patch antenna curved antenna textile antenna wearable antenna graphene sheet patch conductive fabric patch Electronics TK7800-8360 Theodoros N. Kapetanakis Christos D. Nikolopoulos Konstantinos Petridis Ioannis O. Vardiambasis Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
description	Textile patch antennas of simple rectangular, triangular, and circular shape, for operation in the 2.4–2.5 GHz free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, are designed in this paper. Thirty-six patch antenna prototypes have been fabricated by engaging different patch geometries, patch materials, and substrate materials. Each patch antenna is designed after optimization by a genetic algorithm, which evolves the initial dimensions and feeding position of the prototype’s microstrip counterpart to the final optimal geometrical characteristics of the wearable prototype (with the originally selected shape and materials). The impact of the design and fabrication details on antenna performance were thoroughly investigated. Graphene sheet patches were tested against conductive fabric and copper sheet ones, while denim and felt textile substrates were competing. The comparative study between a large number of different graphene, all, and copper textile prototypes, which revealed the excellent suitability of graphene for wearable applications, is the main contribution of this paper. Additional novelty elements are the compact, flexible, and easy-to-fabricate structure of the proposed antennas, as well as the use of state-of-the-art conductive materials and commercially available fabrics and the extensive investigation of many prototypes in various bending conditions. Simulations and measurements of the proposed antennas are in very good agreement. All fabricated prototypes are characterized by flexibility, light weight, mechanical stability, resistance to shock, bending and vibrations, unhindered integration to clothes, low-cost implementation, simple, time-saving, and industry-compatible fabrication process, and low specific absorption rate (SAR) values (computed using rectangular and voxel models); the graphene prototypes are additionally resistant to corrosion, and the circular ones have very good performance under bending conditions. Many antenna prototypes demonstrate interesting characteristics, such as relatively wide bandwidth, adequate gain, firm radiation patterns, coverage of the ISM band even under bending, and very low SAR values. For example, the circular graphene patch (with 55.3 mm diameter attached upon a 165.9 × 165.9 mm) felt substrate CGsF1 prototype accomplishes 109 MHz measured bandwidth, 5.45 dBi gain, 56% efficiency, full coverage of the ISM band under bending, and SAR less than 0.003 W/Kg.
format	article
author	Theodoros N. Kapetanakis Christos D. Nikolopoulos Konstantinos Petridis Ioannis O. Vardiambasis
author_facet	Theodoros N. Kapetanakis Christos D. Nikolopoulos Konstantinos Petridis Ioannis O. Vardiambasis
author_sort	Theodoros N. Kapetanakis
title	Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
title_short	Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
title_full	Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
title_fullStr	Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
title_full_unstemmed	Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band
title_sort	wearable textile antenna with a graphene sheet or conductive fabric patch for the 2.45 ghz band
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2dccde2ee1de49239dbca6838b8d5331
work_keys_str_mv	AT theodorosnkapetanakis wearabletextileantennawithagraphenesheetorconductivefabricpatchforthe245ghzband AT christosdnikolopoulos wearabletextileantennawithagraphenesheetorconductivefabricpatchforthe245ghzband AT konstantinospetridis wearabletextileantennawithagraphenesheetorconductivefabricpatchforthe245ghzband AT ioannisovardiambasis wearabletextileantennawithagraphenesheetorconductivefabricpatchforthe245ghzband
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Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band

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