Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test

Introduction: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) often involves long scanning durations to ensure the associated brain activity can be detected. However, excessive experimentation can lead to many undesirable effects, such as from learning and/or fatigue effects, discomfort for the subject...

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Autores principales:	Sarah J. A. Carr, Weicong Chen, Jeremy Fondran, Harry Friel, Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez, Jing Zhang, Curtis Tatsuoka
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	real-time fMRI adaptive fMRI dynamic experimentation SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) early stopping fMRI Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2e031d23c5304c79959ae55e25c80b39
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2e031d23c5304c79959ae55e25c80b392021-11-04T08:44:48ZEarly Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test1662-453X10.3389/fnins.2021.643740https://doaj.org/article/2e031d23c5304c79959ae55e25c80b392021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.643740/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-453XIntroduction: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) often involves long scanning durations to ensure the associated brain activity can be detected. However, excessive experimentation can lead to many undesirable effects, such as from learning and/or fatigue effects, discomfort for the subject, excessive motion artifacts and loss of sustained attention on task. Overly long experimentation can thus have a detrimental effect on signal quality and accurate voxel activation detection. Here, we propose dynamic experimentation with real-time fMRI using a novel statistically driven approach that invokes early stopping when sufficient statistical evidence for assessing the task-related activation is observed.Methods: Voxel-level sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistics based on general linear models (GLMs) were implemented on fMRI scans of a mathematical 1-back task from 12 healthy teenage subjects and 11 teenage subjects born extremely preterm (EPT). This approach is based on likelihood ratios and allows for systematic early stopping based on target statistical error thresholds. We adopt a two-stage estimation approach that allows for accurate estimates of GLM parameters before stopping is considered. Early stopping performance is reported for different first stage lengths, and activation results are compared with full durations. Finally, group comparisons are conducted with both early stopped and full duration scan data. Numerical parallelization was employed to facilitate completion of computations involving a new scan within every repetition time (TR).Results: Use of SPRT demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency gains of automated early stopping, with comparable activation detection as with full protocols. Dynamic stopping of stimulus administration was achieved in around half of subjects, with typical time savings of up to 33% (4 min on a 12 min scan). A group analysis produced similar patterns of activity for control subjects between early stopping and full duration scans. The EPT group, individually, demonstrated more variability in location and extent of the activations compared to the normal term control group. This was apparent in the EPT group results, reflected by fewer and smaller clusters.Conclusion: A systematic statistical approach for early stopping with real-time fMRI experimentation has been implemented. This dynamic approach has promise for reducing subject burden and fatigue effects.Sarah J. A. CarrSarah J. A. CarrWeicong ChenJeremy FondranHarry FrielJavier Sanchez-GonzalezJing ZhangCurtis TatsuokaCurtis TatsuokaFrontiers Media S.A.articlereal-time fMRIadaptive fMRIdynamic experimentationSPRT (sequential probability ratio test)early stopping fMRINeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	real-time fMRI adaptive fMRI dynamic experimentation SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) early stopping fMRI Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	real-time fMRI adaptive fMRI dynamic experimentation SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) early stopping fMRI Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Sarah J. A. Carr Sarah J. A. Carr Weicong Chen Jeremy Fondran Harry Friel Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez Jing Zhang Curtis Tatsuoka Curtis Tatsuoka Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
description	Introduction: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) often involves long scanning durations to ensure the associated brain activity can be detected. However, excessive experimentation can lead to many undesirable effects, such as from learning and/or fatigue effects, discomfort for the subject, excessive motion artifacts and loss of sustained attention on task. Overly long experimentation can thus have a detrimental effect on signal quality and accurate voxel activation detection. Here, we propose dynamic experimentation with real-time fMRI using a novel statistically driven approach that invokes early stopping when sufficient statistical evidence for assessing the task-related activation is observed.Methods: Voxel-level sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistics based on general linear models (GLMs) were implemented on fMRI scans of a mathematical 1-back task from 12 healthy teenage subjects and 11 teenage subjects born extremely preterm (EPT). This approach is based on likelihood ratios and allows for systematic early stopping based on target statistical error thresholds. We adopt a two-stage estimation approach that allows for accurate estimates of GLM parameters before stopping is considered. Early stopping performance is reported for different first stage lengths, and activation results are compared with full durations. Finally, group comparisons are conducted with both early stopped and full duration scan data. Numerical parallelization was employed to facilitate completion of computations involving a new scan within every repetition time (TR).Results: Use of SPRT demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency gains of automated early stopping, with comparable activation detection as with full protocols. Dynamic stopping of stimulus administration was achieved in around half of subjects, with typical time savings of up to 33% (4 min on a 12 min scan). A group analysis produced similar patterns of activity for control subjects between early stopping and full duration scans. The EPT group, individually, demonstrated more variability in location and extent of the activations compared to the normal term control group. This was apparent in the EPT group results, reflected by fewer and smaller clusters.Conclusion: A systematic statistical approach for early stopping with real-time fMRI experimentation has been implemented. This dynamic approach has promise for reducing subject burden and fatigue effects.
format	article
author	Sarah J. A. Carr Sarah J. A. Carr Weicong Chen Jeremy Fondran Harry Friel Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez Jing Zhang Curtis Tatsuoka Curtis Tatsuoka
author_facet	Sarah J. A. Carr Sarah J. A. Carr Weicong Chen Jeremy Fondran Harry Friel Javier Sanchez-Gonzalez Jing Zhang Curtis Tatsuoka Curtis Tatsuoka
author_sort	Sarah J. A. Carr
title	Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
title_short	Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
title_full	Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
title_fullStr	Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
title_full_unstemmed	Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test
title_sort	early stopping in experimentation with real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging using a modified sequential probability ratio test
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2e031d23c5304c79959ae55e25c80b39
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Early Stopping in Experimentation With Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test

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