A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes

Among the various parameters obtainable through the analysis of the human gut microbiota, the enterotype is one of the first classifications of the bacterial consortia, which tried to obtain, at the same time, as much information as possible to be applied in clinical medicine. Although some authors...

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Autor principal:	Francesco Di Pierro
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	human gut microbiota stool consistency enterotypes gut microbiota evolution richness bacterial load Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2e07ebd6333b41f2a04ebcf0862a7d6e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2e07ebd6333b41f2a04ebcf0862a7d6e2021-11-25T18:25:17ZA Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes10.3390/microorganisms91123412076-2607https://doaj.org/article/2e07ebd6333b41f2a04ebcf0862a7d6e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2341https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2607Among the various parameters obtainable through the analysis of the human gut microbiota, the enterotype is one of the first classifications of the bacterial consortia, which tried to obtain, at the same time, as much information as possible to be applied in clinical medicine. Although some authors observed the existence not of clusters, but only of a real continuous gradient, enterotypes are commonly described according to various models. The first model predicted either clustering into enterotypes 1 and 2 based on two specific dominances, <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>, respectively, with the <i>Ruminococcus</i> dominance blurred within the <i>Bacteroides</i> dominance, or it predicted a threedominant condition, in which the <i>Ruminococcus</i> driver constituted enterotype 3, separated from enterotype 1. A second model envisaged three possible ways to cluster gut microbiota, respectively centred on two, three, and four dominances. In the first case, enterotypes 1 and 2 coincided with the two original enterotypes, with the dominance of <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>, respectively. In the second case, the existence of enterotype 3 was evident and whose dominance was not centred on <i>Ruminococcus</i> but extended more towards the entire Firmicutes <i>phylum</i>. In the third case, the presence of the <i>phylum</i> Firmicutes was split into two different enterotypes generating the clusters defined and named as Mixtures 1 and 2. Subsequently, the analysis of the water content (hydration) in the stool allowed the splitting of the <i>Bacteroides</i> enterotype into two sub-enterotype, respectively known as B1 and B2. All these models have allowed us to highlight some correlations between a specific enterotype, or cluster, and some characteristics, such as the greater predisposition of the respective hosts towards certain pathologies. These observations, coupled with the attempt to derive the different microbiota on an evolutionary basis, can help to shed new light on this topic and demonstrate the possible utility that the different ways of clustering the gut microbiota can have in a clinical application perspective and in preventive medicine.Francesco Di PierroMDPI AGarticlehuman gut microbiotastool consistencyenterotypesgut microbiota evolutionrichnessbacterial loadBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMicroorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2341, p 2341 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	human gut microbiota stool consistency enterotypes gut microbiota evolution richness bacterial load Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	human gut microbiota stool consistency enterotypes gut microbiota evolution richness bacterial load Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Francesco Di Pierro A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
description	Among the various parameters obtainable through the analysis of the human gut microbiota, the enterotype is one of the first classifications of the bacterial consortia, which tried to obtain, at the same time, as much information as possible to be applied in clinical medicine. Although some authors observed the existence not of clusters, but only of a real continuous gradient, enterotypes are commonly described according to various models. The first model predicted either clustering into enterotypes 1 and 2 based on two specific dominances, <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>, respectively, with the <i>Ruminococcus</i> dominance blurred within the <i>Bacteroides</i> dominance, or it predicted a threedominant condition, in which the <i>Ruminococcus</i> driver constituted enterotype 3, separated from enterotype 1. A second model envisaged three possible ways to cluster gut microbiota, respectively centred on two, three, and four dominances. In the first case, enterotypes 1 and 2 coincided with the two original enterotypes, with the dominance of <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>, respectively. In the second case, the existence of enterotype 3 was evident and whose dominance was not centred on <i>Ruminococcus</i> but extended more towards the entire Firmicutes <i>phylum</i>. In the third case, the presence of the <i>phylum</i> Firmicutes was split into two different enterotypes generating the clusters defined and named as Mixtures 1 and 2. Subsequently, the analysis of the water content (hydration) in the stool allowed the splitting of the <i>Bacteroides</i> enterotype into two sub-enterotype, respectively known as B1 and B2. All these models have allowed us to highlight some correlations between a specific enterotype, or cluster, and some characteristics, such as the greater predisposition of the respective hosts towards certain pathologies. These observations, coupled with the attempt to derive the different microbiota on an evolutionary basis, can help to shed new light on this topic and demonstrate the possible utility that the different ways of clustering the gut microbiota can have in a clinical application perspective and in preventive medicine.
format	article
author	Francesco Di Pierro
author_facet	Francesco Di Pierro
author_sort	Francesco Di Pierro
title	A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
title_short	A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
title_full	A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
title_fullStr	A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
title_full_unstemmed	A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes
title_sort	possible perspective about the compositional models, evolution, and clinical meaning of human enterotypes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2e07ebd6333b41f2a04ebcf0862a7d6e
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A Possible Perspective about the Compositional Models, Evolution, and Clinical Meaning of Human Enterotypes

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