EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries

Many developing countries, such as China, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, etc., choose to prohibit waste import. Does this mean the inflection point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in these countries has arrived? In this paper, we first calculate the carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption...

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Autores principales:	Yi Liu, Xiaojin Lai
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Waste trade Carbon emissions Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2e814de3dc6844baba3da1cd5db5c5ec
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2e814de3dc6844baba3da1cd5db5c5ec2021-12-01T04:56:57ZEKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107961https://doaj.org/article/2e814de3dc6844baba3da1cd5db5c5ec2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X21006269https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XMany developing countries, such as China, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, etc., choose to prohibit waste import. Does this mean the inflection point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in these countries has arrived? In this paper, we first calculate the carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption in major resource-based wastes of 134 countries using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. Second, we test whether the relationship between CO2 (energy consumption) and GDP per capita confirms an EKC's inverted U-shaped curve. Empirical results show that: (1) the relationship between embodied CO2 emissions (energy consumption) of imported wastes and GDP per capita of a country confirms EKC in various robustness checks, including using an alternative, dependent variable and using sub-sample data. (2) The EKC's inflection point on the average embodied carbon dioxide emissions of imported wastes is 36623.88 USD (37181.3 USD for energy). (3) EKC appears in 68 countries out of 134 countries. Most of these 68 countries have crossed the turning point. This research is novel in describing the EKC of waste trade's carbon footprint using the LCA model. This is the first research that provides empirical evidence to the “Waste Haven Hypothesis”. This result empirically explains the evolution of the global waste trade network. That is, waste first transfers from the “North” to the “South” (from US to Europe, and from Europe to Japan and Korea), and then it moves again from the “South” to the “South” (from China to other Asian countries). It reflects the evolution of global pollution haven transfer in the pollution-intensitive sector. Previous research failed to do it because the indicators used for waste transfer limits to trade value (weight) that can not correctly measure waste transfer's environmental pollution. An advantage of using LCA is that it better estimates the pollution generated by the recycling sectors.Yi LiuXiaojin LaiElsevierarticleWaste tradeCarbon emissionsEnvironmental Kuznets CurveEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 129, Iss , Pp 107961- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Waste trade Carbon emissions Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Waste trade Carbon emissions Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecology QH540-549.5 Yi Liu Xiaojin Lai EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
description	Many developing countries, such as China, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, etc., choose to prohibit waste import. Does this mean the inflection point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in these countries has arrived? In this paper, we first calculate the carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption in major resource-based wastes of 134 countries using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. Second, we test whether the relationship between CO2 (energy consumption) and GDP per capita confirms an EKC's inverted U-shaped curve. Empirical results show that: (1) the relationship between embodied CO2 emissions (energy consumption) of imported wastes and GDP per capita of a country confirms EKC in various robustness checks, including using an alternative, dependent variable and using sub-sample data. (2) The EKC's inflection point on the average embodied carbon dioxide emissions of imported wastes is 36623.88 USD (37181.3 USD for energy). (3) EKC appears in 68 countries out of 134 countries. Most of these 68 countries have crossed the turning point. This research is novel in describing the EKC of waste trade's carbon footprint using the LCA model. This is the first research that provides empirical evidence to the “Waste Haven Hypothesis”. This result empirically explains the evolution of the global waste trade network. That is, waste first transfers from the “North” to the “South” (from US to Europe, and from Europe to Japan and Korea), and then it moves again from the “South” to the “South” (from China to other Asian countries). It reflects the evolution of global pollution haven transfer in the pollution-intensitive sector. Previous research failed to do it because the indicators used for waste transfer limits to trade value (weight) that can not correctly measure waste transfer's environmental pollution. An advantage of using LCA is that it better estimates the pollution generated by the recycling sectors.
format	article
author	Yi Liu Xiaojin Lai
author_facet	Yi Liu Xiaojin Lai
author_sort	Yi Liu
title	EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
title_short	EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
title_full	EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
title_fullStr	EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
title_full_unstemmed	EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries
title_sort	ekc and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: evidence from 134 countries
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2e814de3dc6844baba3da1cd5db5c5ec
work_keys_str_mv	AT yiliu ekcandcarbonfootprintofcrossborderwastetransferevidencefrom134countries AT xiaojinlai ekcandcarbonfootprintofcrossborderwastetransferevidencefrom134countries
_version_	1718405652525613056

EKC and carbon footprint of cross-border waste transfer: Evidence from 134 countries

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