Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect

Steven Brown,1 Clayton Rue,2 Kyle Smith,3 Robert Arnold4 1Martin Methodist University, Pulaski, TN, USA; 2NSCA Level III Instructor, Anchorage, AK, USA; 3Accurate Vision, Anchorage, AK, USA; 4Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USACorres...

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Autores principales:	Brown S, Rue C, Smith K, Arnold R
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	stereopsis eye dominance color vision Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2eaa4390adc7479db09d64f2637d1181
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2eaa4390adc7479db09d64f2637d11812021-12-02T12:18:09ZExtraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect1177-5483https://doaj.org/article/2eaa4390adc7479db09d64f2637d11812021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/extraordinary-dynamic-near-vision-in-champion-shotgun-shooters-pdi-che-peer-reviewed-article-OPTHhttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Steven Brown,1 Clayton Rue,2 Kyle Smith,3 Robert Arnold4 1Martin Methodist University, Pulaski, TN, USA; 2NSCA Level III Instructor, Anchorage, AK, USA; 3Accurate Vision, Anchorage, AK, USA; 4Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert ArnoldThe Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche #280, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USATel +1 (907)561-1917Fax +1 (907)563-5373Email eyedoc@alaska.netBackground: Conventional near and stereo tests have a “floor effect;” inability to discriminate normal from super-normal. Shotgun champions require unique performance in binocularity and rapid color discrimination.Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine champion clay-target shooters, 14 normal Army and 12 color-normal subjects were tested with conventional near vision tests and on PDI-Check, a series of dynamic, near vision tests on the autostereoscopic Nintendo console.Results: Conventional tested shotgunners had all perfect Ishihara and 75% best 40 sec Stereo fly while Army had 92%perfect Ishihara and 69% best stereo fly. On PDI-Check, experienced shotgunners with median stereo of 17 (IQR 12– 41) arc sec were better than Army volunteers 59 (IQR 30 to 487) arc seconds (Mann–Whitney U=62, p=0.04). Median PDI-Check for shotgun compared to Army was 88% compared to 84% for blue cone, 90% compared to 84% for green and 77% compared to 72% (red, Mann–Whitney p=0.05). Adding dark cherry filter shooting glasses improved the red and green color detection (p< 0.01). This study lacked power to detect eye dominance using PDI Check color or stereo.Conclusion: Many champion shotgun shooters had outstanding dynamic near stereo and better-than-average color vision which could be optimized with dark filter spectacles for red and green hues. PDI Check not only helps identify abnormal binocularity and color vision, but it can clarify supranormal vision as well.Keywords: stereopsis, eye dominance, color visionBrown SRue CSmith KArnold RDove Medical Pressarticlestereopsiseye dominancecolor visionOphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 15, Pp 575-581 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	stereopsis eye dominance color vision Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	stereopsis eye dominance color vision Ophthalmology RE1-994 Brown S Rue C Smith K Arnold R Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
description	Steven Brown,1 Clayton Rue,2 Kyle Smith,3 Robert Arnold4 1Martin Methodist University, Pulaski, TN, USA; 2NSCA Level III Instructor, Anchorage, AK, USA; 3Accurate Vision, Anchorage, AK, USA; 4Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert ArnoldThe Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche #280, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USATel +1 (907)561-1917Fax +1 (907)563-5373Email eyedoc@alaska.netBackground: Conventional near and stereo tests have a “floor effect;” inability to discriminate normal from super-normal. Shotgun champions require unique performance in binocularity and rapid color discrimination.Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine champion clay-target shooters, 14 normal Army and 12 color-normal subjects were tested with conventional near vision tests and on PDI-Check, a series of dynamic, near vision tests on the autostereoscopic Nintendo console.Results: Conventional tested shotgunners had all perfect Ishihara and 75% best 40 sec Stereo fly while Army had 92%perfect Ishihara and 69% best stereo fly. On PDI-Check, experienced shotgunners with median stereo of 17 (IQR 12– 41) arc sec were better than Army volunteers 59 (IQR 30 to 487) arc seconds (Mann–Whitney U=62, p=0.04). Median PDI-Check for shotgun compared to Army was 88% compared to 84% for blue cone, 90% compared to 84% for green and 77% compared to 72% (red, Mann–Whitney p=0.05). Adding dark cherry filter shooting glasses improved the red and green color detection (p< 0.01). This study lacked power to detect eye dominance using PDI Check color or stereo.Conclusion: Many champion shotgun shooters had outstanding dynamic near stereo and better-than-average color vision which could be optimized with dark filter spectacles for red and green hues. PDI Check not only helps identify abnormal binocularity and color vision, but it can clarify supranormal vision as well.Keywords: stereopsis, eye dominance, color vision
format	article
author	Brown S Rue C Smith K Arnold R
author_facet	Brown S Rue C Smith K Arnold R
author_sort	Brown S
title	Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
title_short	Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
title_full	Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
title_fullStr	Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
title_full_unstemmed	Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect
title_sort	extraordinary dynamic near vision in champion shotgun shooters: pdi check evaluation of stereo and color without floor effect
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2eaa4390adc7479db09d64f2637d1181
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Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect

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