Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore

This paper aims to evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of importing electrical power into Singapore, generated from a large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in Australia, through a long-distance subsea high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable. A cost optimization model wa...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Srikkanth Ramachandran, Kais Siala, Cristina de La Rúa, Tobias Massier, Arif Ahmed, Thomas Hamacher
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	life cycle assessment cost optimization HVDC cable photovoltaics Australia Singapore Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2ec0a3b362bd41e2b3ff3f8b3ae48172
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:2ec0a3b362bd41e2b3ff3f8b3ae48172
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2ec0a3b362bd41e2b3ff3f8b3ae481722021-11-11T15:57:13ZLife Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore10.3390/en142171781996-1073https://doaj.org/article/2ec0a3b362bd41e2b3ff3f8b3ae481722021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/7178https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073This paper aims to evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of importing electrical power into Singapore, generated from a large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in Australia, through a long-distance subsea high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable. A cost optimization model was developed to estimate the capacities of the system components. A comprehensive life cycle assessment model was built to estimate emissions of manufacturing and use of these components. Our evaluation shows that, for covering one fifth of Singapore’s electrical energy needs, a system with an installed capacity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> GWh battery storage and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> subsea cable is required. The life cycle GHG emissions of such a system are estimated to be <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>110</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>eq/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>kWh</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with the majority coming from the manufacturing of solar PV panels. Cable manufacturing does not contribute largely toward GHG emissions. By varying full-load hours and cable lengths, it was assessed that sites closer to Singapore might provide the same energy at same/lower carbon footprint and reduced cost, despite the lower insolation as compared to Australia. However, these sites could cause greater emissions from land use changes than the deserts of Australia, offsetting the advantages of a shorter HVDC cable.Srikkanth RamachandranKais SialaCristina de La RúaTobias MassierArif AhmedThomas HamacherMDPI AGarticlelife cycle assessmentcost optimizationHVDC cablephotovoltaicsAustraliaSingaporeTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7178, p 7178 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	life cycle assessment cost optimization HVDC cable photovoltaics Australia Singapore Technology T
spellingShingle	life cycle assessment cost optimization HVDC cable photovoltaics Australia Singapore Technology T Srikkanth Ramachandran Kais Siala Cristina de La Rúa Tobias Massier Arif Ahmed Thomas Hamacher Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
description	This paper aims to evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of importing electrical power into Singapore, generated from a large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in Australia, through a long-distance subsea high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable. A cost optimization model was developed to estimate the capacities of the system components. A comprehensive life cycle assessment model was built to estimate emissions of manufacturing and use of these components. Our evaluation shows that, for covering one fifth of Singapore’s electrical energy needs, a system with an installed capacity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> GWh battery storage and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> subsea cable is required. The life cycle GHG emissions of such a system are estimated to be <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>110</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>eq/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>kWh</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with the majority coming from the manufacturing of solar PV panels. Cable manufacturing does not contribute largely toward GHG emissions. By varying full-load hours and cable lengths, it was assessed that sites closer to Singapore might provide the same energy at same/lower carbon footprint and reduced cost, despite the lower insolation as compared to Australia. However, these sites could cause greater emissions from land use changes than the deserts of Australia, offsetting the advantages of a shorter HVDC cable.
format	article
author	Srikkanth Ramachandran Kais Siala Cristina de La Rúa Tobias Massier Arif Ahmed Thomas Hamacher
author_facet	Srikkanth Ramachandran Kais Siala Cristina de La Rúa Tobias Massier Arif Ahmed Thomas Hamacher
author_sort	Srikkanth Ramachandran
title	Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
title_short	Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
title_full	Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
title_fullStr	Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
title_full_unstemmed	Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore
title_sort	life cycle climate change impact of a cost-optimal hvdc connection to import solar energy from australia to singapore
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2ec0a3b362bd41e2b3ff3f8b3ae48172
work_keys_str_mv	AT srikkanthramachandran lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore AT kaissiala lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore AT cristinadelarua lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore AT tobiasmassier lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore AT arifahmed lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore AT thomashamacher lifecycleclimatechangeimpactofacostoptimalhvdcconnectiontoimportsolarenergyfromaustraliatosingapore
_version_	1718432528059072512

Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-Optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore

Ejemplares similares