Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México

Background: The child labor situation has been associated with precarious job conditions and poor health conditions because children are often exposed to unsafe work environments, stressful psycho-social work conditions, scarce or no access to protective services, and heavy work burdens. Objective:...

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Autores principales:	Norma Pérez-Herrera, Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez, Rogelio Flores-Ramírez, Olivier Barbier, Manolo Ortega-Romero, Fernando May-Euán, Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva, Javier Perera-Rios, Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Ubiquity Press 2019
Materias:	Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2f33fc258c444ac19fc4a21709e62793
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2f33fc258c444ac19fc4a21709e627932021-12-02T03:00:30ZEvaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México2214-999610.5334/aogh.2482https://doaj.org/article/2f33fc258c444ac19fc4a21709e627932019-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/2482https://doaj.org/toc/2214-9996Background: The child labor situation has been associated with precarious job conditions and poor health conditions because children are often exposed to unsafe work environments, stressful psycho-social work conditions, scarce or no access to protective services, and heavy work burdens. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate markers of exposure to benzene through the exposure biomarker trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA), and biomarkers of early renal damage in children who work in sites that are under precarious job conditions. Method: Samples of urine were obtained from children (aged 6–12 years old) who resided in Ticul, Yucatan, Mexico. Exposure to benzene was assessed through trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). Evaluated renal damage biomarkers were: Cystatin-C (Cys-C), Osteopontin (OPN), α1-Microglobulin (α1-MG) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL). Findings: Children who live where the workplace is inside the dwelling presented higher mean levels of tt-MA (0.59 mg/g creatinine) compared with those who live away from the workshops (0.19 mg/g creatinine). Likewise, mean levels of NGAL (4.7, 5.2 ng/ml), albuminuria (10, 10 ng/ml), Cys-C (11.8, 7.5 ng/ml), OPN (224.4, 226.5 ng/ml) and α1-MG (96.6, 73.6 ng/ml) were found in children where the workplace was inside the dwelling and outside, respectively. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the children who work under precarious job conditions are exposed to benzene, and they exhibit protein levels that suggest renal damage in a population in precarious working conditions. Therefore, the child population should be considered as the most vulnerable and susceptible to suffer adverse health effects.Norma Pérez-HerreraLorena Díaz de León-MartínezRogelio Flores-RamírezOlivier BarbierManolo Ortega-RomeroFernando May-EuánKelvin Saldaña-VillanuevaJavier Perera-RiosFrancisco Javier Pérez-VázquezUbiquity PressarticleInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENAnnals of Global Health, Vol 85, Iss 1 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Norma Pérez-Herrera Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez Olivier Barbier Manolo Ortega-Romero Fernando May-Euán Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva Javier Perera-Rios Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
description	Background: The child labor situation has been associated with precarious job conditions and poor health conditions because children are often exposed to unsafe work environments, stressful psycho-social work conditions, scarce or no access to protective services, and heavy work burdens. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate markers of exposure to benzene through the exposure biomarker trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA), and biomarkers of early renal damage in children who work in sites that are under precarious job conditions. Method: Samples of urine were obtained from children (aged 6–12 years old) who resided in Ticul, Yucatan, Mexico. Exposure to benzene was assessed through trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). Evaluated renal damage biomarkers were: Cystatin-C (Cys-C), Osteopontin (OPN), α1-Microglobulin (α1-MG) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL). Findings: Children who live where the workplace is inside the dwelling presented higher mean levels of tt-MA (0.59 mg/g creatinine) compared with those who live away from the workshops (0.19 mg/g creatinine). Likewise, mean levels of NGAL (4.7, 5.2 ng/ml), albuminuria (10, 10 ng/ml), Cys-C (11.8, 7.5 ng/ml), OPN (224.4, 226.5 ng/ml) and α1-MG (96.6, 73.6 ng/ml) were found in children where the workplace was inside the dwelling and outside, respectively. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the children who work under precarious job conditions are exposed to benzene, and they exhibit protein levels that suggest renal damage in a population in precarious working conditions. Therefore, the child population should be considered as the most vulnerable and susceptible to suffer adverse health effects.
format	article
author	Norma Pérez-Herrera Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez Olivier Barbier Manolo Ortega-Romero Fernando May-Euán Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva Javier Perera-Rios Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
author_facet	Norma Pérez-Herrera Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez Olivier Barbier Manolo Ortega-Romero Fernando May-Euán Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva Javier Perera-Rios Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
author_sort	Norma Pérez-Herrera
title	Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
title_short	Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
title_full	Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
title_fullStr	Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México
title_sort	evaluation of benzene exposure and early biomarkers of kidney damage in children exposed to solvents due to precarious work in ticul, yucatán, méxico
publisher	Ubiquity Press
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/2f33fc258c444ac19fc4a21709e62793
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Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and Early Biomarkers of Kidney Damage in Children Exposed to Solvents Due to Precarious Work in Ticul, Yucatán, México

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