Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial

This study followed children who participated in a feeding trial in which the type of randomized infant formula fed from 2 weeks significantly affected weight gain velocity during the first 4 months and weight-for-length Z (WLZ) scores up to 11.5 months. We focused on measures of anthropometry, diet...

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Autores principales:	Julie A. Mennella, Alissa D. Smethers, Jessica E. Decker, Michelle T. Delahanty, Virginia A. Stallings, Jillian C. Trabulsi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	rapid weight gain infant formula dietary intake added sugar snack foods parenting Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2f68e69e450b44269df5d912cf0477fd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2f68e69e450b44269df5d912cf0477fd2021-11-25T18:35:30ZEffects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial10.3390/nu131139462072-6643https://doaj.org/article/2f68e69e450b44269df5d912cf0477fd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3946https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643This study followed children who participated in a feeding trial in which the type of randomized infant formula fed from 2 weeks significantly affected weight gain velocity during the first 4 months and weight-for-length Z (WLZ) scores up to 11.5 months. We focused on measures of anthropometry, dietary intakes, and parenting related to the provision of snack foods that were collected at the end of the trial (1 year) and the 1.5 years follow-up visit. We not only describe what toddlers are eating, but we also determined the independent and/or interactive effects of randomized formula group, early weight gain velocity, the nutrient content of the post-formula diet, and maternal snack food practices, on toddlers’ weight status. Diet quality underwent drastic changes during this 6-month period. As infant formula disappeared from the diet, fruit and 100% fruit juice intake increased slightly, while intake of “What We Eat in America” food categories sweetened beverages and snacks and sweets more than doubled. Added sugars accounted for 5% of energy needs at 1 year and 9% at 1.5 years. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that, independent of the randomized formula group, greater velocities of weight gain during early infancy and lower access to snacks as toddlers predicted higher WLZ and a greater proportion of toddlers with overweight at 1.5 years. Energy and added sugar intake had no significant effects. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that unhealthy dietary habits are formed even before formula weaning and that, along with improving early diet, transient rapid weight gain and parental feeding practices are modifiable determinants that may reduce risks for obesity.Julie A. MennellaAlissa D. SmethersJessica E. DeckerMichelle T. DelahantyVirginia A. StallingsJillian C. TrabulsiMDPI AGarticlerapid weight gaininfant formuladietary intakeadded sugarsnack foodsparentingNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENNutrients, Vol 13, Iss 3946, p 3946 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	rapid weight gain infant formula dietary intake added sugar snack foods parenting Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	rapid weight gain infant formula dietary intake added sugar snack foods parenting Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Julie A. Mennella Alissa D. Smethers Jessica E. Decker Michelle T. Delahanty Virginia A. Stallings Jillian C. Trabulsi Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
description	This study followed children who participated in a feeding trial in which the type of randomized infant formula fed from 2 weeks significantly affected weight gain velocity during the first 4 months and weight-for-length Z (WLZ) scores up to 11.5 months. We focused on measures of anthropometry, dietary intakes, and parenting related to the provision of snack foods that were collected at the end of the trial (1 year) and the 1.5 years follow-up visit. We not only describe what toddlers are eating, but we also determined the independent and/or interactive effects of randomized formula group, early weight gain velocity, the nutrient content of the post-formula diet, and maternal snack food practices, on toddlers’ weight status. Diet quality underwent drastic changes during this 6-month period. As infant formula disappeared from the diet, fruit and 100% fruit juice intake increased slightly, while intake of “What We Eat in America” food categories sweetened beverages and snacks and sweets more than doubled. Added sugars accounted for 5% of energy needs at 1 year and 9% at 1.5 years. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that, independent of the randomized formula group, greater velocities of weight gain during early infancy and lower access to snacks as toddlers predicted higher WLZ and a greater proportion of toddlers with overweight at 1.5 years. Energy and added sugar intake had no significant effects. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that unhealthy dietary habits are formed even before formula weaning and that, along with improving early diet, transient rapid weight gain and parental feeding practices are modifiable determinants that may reduce risks for obesity.
format	article
author	Julie A. Mennella Alissa D. Smethers Jessica E. Decker Michelle T. Delahanty Virginia A. Stallings Jillian C. Trabulsi
author_facet	Julie A. Mennella Alissa D. Smethers Jessica E. Decker Michelle T. Delahanty Virginia A. Stallings Jillian C. Trabulsi
author_sort	Julie A. Mennella
title	Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
title_short	Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
title_full	Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
title_fullStr	Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial
title_sort	effects of early weight gain velocity, diet quality, and snack food access on toddler weight status at 1.5 years: follow-up of a randomized controlled infant formula trial
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2f68e69e450b44269df5d912cf0477fd
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Effects of Early Weight Gain Velocity, Diet Quality, and Snack Food Access on Toddler Weight Status at 1.5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Infant Formula Trial

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