Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study

Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled,...

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Autores principales:	PierFrancesco Bassi, Luca Di Gianfrancesco, Luigi Salmaso, Mauro Ragonese, Giuseppe Palermo, Emilio Sacco, Rosa Arboretti Giancristofaro, Riccardo Ceccato, Marco Racioppi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	electronic nose non-invasive diagnosis volatile organic compounds bladder cancer Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2f8d97be770a49f19f1126877679d023
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2f8d97be770a49f19f1126877679d0232021-11-11T17:36:51ZImproved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study10.3390/jcm102149842077-0383https://doaj.org/article/2f8d97be770a49f19f1126877679d0232021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4984https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled, non-randomized, phase 2 study was carried out on 198 consecutive subjects (102 with proven BCa, 96 controls). Urine samples were evaluated with an electronic nose provided with 32 volatile gas analyzer sensors. The tests were repeated at least two times per sample. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and variability were evaluated using mainly the non-parametric combination method, permutation tests, and discriminant analysis classification. Results: Statistically significant differences between BCa patients and controls were reported by 28 (87.5%) of the 32 sensors. The overall discriminatory power, sensitivity, and specificity were 78.8%, 74.1%, and 76%, respectively; 13/96 (13.5%) controls and 29/102 (28.4%) BCa patients were misclassified as false positive and false negative, respectively. Where the most efficient sensors were selected, the sensitivity and specificity increased up to 91.1% (72.5–100) and 89.1% (81–95.8), respectively. None of the tumor characteristics represented independent predictors of device responsiveness. Conclusions: The electronic nose might represent a potentially reliable, quick, accurate, and cost-effective tool for non-invasive BCa diagnosis.PierFrancesco BassiLuca Di GianfrancescoLuigi SalmasoMauro RagoneseGiuseppe PalermoEmilio SaccoRosa Arboretti GiancristofaroRiccardo CeccatoMarco RacioppiMDPI AGarticleelectronic nosenon-invasive diagnosisvolatile organic compoundsbladder cancerMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 4984, p 4984 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	electronic nose non-invasive diagnosis volatile organic compounds bladder cancer Medicine R
spellingShingle	electronic nose non-invasive diagnosis volatile organic compounds bladder cancer Medicine R PierFrancesco Bassi Luca Di Gianfrancesco Luigi Salmaso Mauro Ragonese Giuseppe Palermo Emilio Sacco Rosa Arboretti Giancristofaro Riccardo Ceccato Marco Racioppi Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
description	Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled, non-randomized, phase 2 study was carried out on 198 consecutive subjects (102 with proven BCa, 96 controls). Urine samples were evaluated with an electronic nose provided with 32 volatile gas analyzer sensors. The tests were repeated at least two times per sample. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and variability were evaluated using mainly the non-parametric combination method, permutation tests, and discriminant analysis classification. Results: Statistically significant differences between BCa patients and controls were reported by 28 (87.5%) of the 32 sensors. The overall discriminatory power, sensitivity, and specificity were 78.8%, 74.1%, and 76%, respectively; 13/96 (13.5%) controls and 29/102 (28.4%) BCa patients were misclassified as false positive and false negative, respectively. Where the most efficient sensors were selected, the sensitivity and specificity increased up to 91.1% (72.5–100) and 89.1% (81–95.8), respectively. None of the tumor characteristics represented independent predictors of device responsiveness. Conclusions: The electronic nose might represent a potentially reliable, quick, accurate, and cost-effective tool for non-invasive BCa diagnosis.
format	article
author	PierFrancesco Bassi Luca Di Gianfrancesco Luigi Salmaso Mauro Ragonese Giuseppe Palermo Emilio Sacco Rosa Arboretti Giancristofaro Riccardo Ceccato Marco Racioppi
author_facet	PierFrancesco Bassi Luca Di Gianfrancesco Luigi Salmaso Mauro Ragonese Giuseppe Palermo Emilio Sacco Rosa Arboretti Giancristofaro Riccardo Ceccato Marco Racioppi
author_sort	PierFrancesco Bassi
title	Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_short	Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_full	Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_fullStr	Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed	Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_sort	improved non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer with an electronic nose: a large pilot study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2f8d97be770a49f19f1126877679d023
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Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study

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