Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries

By combatting erosion and increasing habitat, mangrove living shorelines are an effective alternative to hard-armoring in tropical and subtropical areas. An experimental red mangrove living shoreline was deployed within Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, using a factorial design to test the impact of mangrov...

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Autores principales:	Rebecca M. Fillyaw, Melinda J. Donnelly, Jason W. Litwak, Julia L. Rifenberg, Linda J. Walters
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Rhizophora mangle</i> restoration Indian River Lagoon Florida breakwater seasonal flooding Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2fe2c6b1b0e14b009ffd9bc686053750
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2fe2c6b1b0e14b009ffd9bc6860537502021-11-11T19:25:49ZStrategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries10.3390/su1321117042071-1050https://doaj.org/article/2fe2c6b1b0e14b009ffd9bc6860537502021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11704https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050By combatting erosion and increasing habitat, mangrove living shorelines are an effective alternative to hard-armoring in tropical and subtropical areas. An experimental red mangrove living shoreline was deployed within Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, using a factorial design to test the impact of mangrove age, breakwater presence, and mangrove placement on mangrove survival within the first year of deployment. Mixed mangrove age treatments were included to identify if seedling (11-month-old) survival could be enhanced by the presence of transitional (23-month-old) and adult (35 to 47-month-old) mangroves. Environmental factors were monitored to detect possible causes of mangrove mortalities. Approximately half (50.6%) of mangroves died, and of those, 90.7% occurred within the annual high-water season, and 88.9% showed signs of flooding stress. Planting seedlings haphazardly among older mangroves did not attenuate enough wave energy to significantly increase seedling survival. Breakwaters alleviated stress through a reduction in water velocity and wave height, increasing the odds of survival by 197% and 437% when mangroves were planted in the landward and seaward rows, respectively. Compared to seedlings, deployment of adult mangroves increased survival odds by 1087%. Collectively, our results indicate that sites with a high-water season should utilize a breakwater structure and mangroves with a woody stem.Rebecca M. FillyawMelinda J. DonnellyJason W. LitwakJulia L. RifenbergLinda J. WaltersMDPI AGarticle<i>Rhizophora mangle</i>restorationIndian River LagoonFloridabreakwaterseasonal floodingEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 11704, p 11704 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Rhizophora mangle</i> restoration Indian River Lagoon Florida breakwater seasonal flooding Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	<i>Rhizophora mangle</i> restoration Indian River Lagoon Florida breakwater seasonal flooding Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Rebecca M. Fillyaw Melinda J. Donnelly Jason W. Litwak Julia L. Rifenberg Linda J. Walters Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
description	By combatting erosion and increasing habitat, mangrove living shorelines are an effective alternative to hard-armoring in tropical and subtropical areas. An experimental red mangrove living shoreline was deployed within Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, using a factorial design to test the impact of mangrove age, breakwater presence, and mangrove placement on mangrove survival within the first year of deployment. Mixed mangrove age treatments were included to identify if seedling (11-month-old) survival could be enhanced by the presence of transitional (23-month-old) and adult (35 to 47-month-old) mangroves. Environmental factors were monitored to detect possible causes of mangrove mortalities. Approximately half (50.6%) of mangroves died, and of those, 90.7% occurred within the annual high-water season, and 88.9% showed signs of flooding stress. Planting seedlings haphazardly among older mangroves did not attenuate enough wave energy to significantly increase seedling survival. Breakwaters alleviated stress through a reduction in water velocity and wave height, increasing the odds of survival by 197% and 437% when mangroves were planted in the landward and seaward rows, respectively. Compared to seedlings, deployment of adult mangroves increased survival odds by 1087%. Collectively, our results indicate that sites with a high-water season should utilize a breakwater structure and mangroves with a woody stem.
format	article
author	Rebecca M. Fillyaw Melinda J. Donnelly Jason W. Litwak Julia L. Rifenberg Linda J. Walters
author_facet	Rebecca M. Fillyaw Melinda J. Donnelly Jason W. Litwak Julia L. Rifenberg Linda J. Walters
author_sort	Rebecca M. Fillyaw
title	Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
title_short	Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
title_full	Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
title_fullStr	Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
title_full_unstemmed	Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries
title_sort	strategies for successful mangrove living shoreline stabilizations in shallow water subtropical estuaries
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2fe2c6b1b0e14b009ffd9bc686053750
work_keys_str_mv	AT rebeccamfillyaw strategiesforsuccessfulmangrovelivingshorelinestabilizationsinshallowwatersubtropicalestuaries AT melindajdonnelly strategiesforsuccessfulmangrovelivingshorelinestabilizationsinshallowwatersubtropicalestuaries AT jasonwlitwak strategiesforsuccessfulmangrovelivingshorelinestabilizationsinshallowwatersubtropicalestuaries AT julialrifenberg strategiesforsuccessfulmangrovelivingshorelinestabilizationsinshallowwatersubtropicalestuaries AT lindajwalters strategiesforsuccessfulmangrovelivingshorelinestabilizationsinshallowwatersubtropicalestuaries
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Strategies for Successful Mangrove Living Shoreline Stabilizations in Shallow Water Subtropical Estuaries

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