Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry

Gopala Kallapura,1 Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco,2 Neil R Pumford,1 Lisa R Bielke,1 Billy M Hargis,1 Guillermo Tellez1 1Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; 2College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexic...

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Autores principales:	Kallapura G, Hernandez-Velasco X, Pumford NR, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2014
Materias:	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/30378ecefd4946c0aebe2afbedea8993
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:30378ecefd4946c0aebe2afbedea89932021-12-02T08:15:51ZEvaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry2230-2034https://doaj.org/article/30378ecefd4946c0aebe2afbedea89932014-08-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/evaluation-of-respiratory-route-as-a-viable-portal-of-entry-for-salmon-peer-reviewed-article-VMRRhttps://doaj.org/toc/2230-2034 Gopala Kallapura,1 Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco,2 Neil R Pumford,1 Lisa R Bielke,1 Billy M Hargis,1 Guillermo Tellez1 1Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; 2College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico Abstract: With increasing reports of Salmonella infection, we are forced to question whether the fecal–oral route is the major route of infection and consider the possibility that airborne Salmonella infections might have a major unappreciated role. Today's large-scale poultry production, with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings, is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Considering that the upper and lower respiratory lymphoid tissue requires up to 6 weeks to be fully developed, these immune structures seem to have a very minor role in preventing pathogen infection. In addition, the avian respiratory system in commercial poultry has anatomic and physiologic properties that present no challenge to the highly adapted Salmonella. The present review evaluates the hypothesis that transmission by the fecal–respiratory route may theoretically be a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. First, we update the current knowledge on generation of Salmonella bioaerosols, and the transport and fate of Salmonella at various stages of commercial poultry production. Further, emphasis is placed on survivability of Salmonella in these bioaerosols, as a means to assess the transport and subsequent risk of exposure and infection of poultry. Additionally, the main anatomic structures, physiologic functions, and immunologic defense in the avian respiratory system are discussed to understand the potential entry points inherent in each component that could potentially lead to infection and subsequent systemic infection of poultry by Salmonella. In this context, we also evaluate the role of the mucosal immune system as essentially one large interconnected network that shares information distally, since understanding of this sort of communication between mucosal sites is fundamental to establish the next phase of disease characterization, and perhaps immunization and vaccine development. Further characterization of the respiratory tract with regard to transmission of Salmonella under field conditions may be of critical importance in developing interventional strategies to reduce transmission of this important zoonotic pathogen in poultry. Keywords: Salmonella, respiratory route, portal of entry, systemic disseminationKallapura GHernandez-Velasco XPumford NRBielke LRHargis BMTellez GDove Medical PressarticleVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, Vol 2014, Iss default, Pp 59-73 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Kallapura G Hernandez-Velasco X Pumford NR Bielke LR Hargis BM Tellez G Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
description	Gopala Kallapura,1 Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco,2 Neil R Pumford,1 Lisa R Bielke,1 Billy M Hargis,1 Guillermo Tellez1 1Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; 2College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico Abstract: With increasing reports of Salmonella infection, we are forced to question whether the fecal–oral route is the major route of infection and consider the possibility that airborne Salmonella infections might have a major unappreciated role. Today's large-scale poultry production, with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings, is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Considering that the upper and lower respiratory lymphoid tissue requires up to 6 weeks to be fully developed, these immune structures seem to have a very minor role in preventing pathogen infection. In addition, the avian respiratory system in commercial poultry has anatomic and physiologic properties that present no challenge to the highly adapted Salmonella. The present review evaluates the hypothesis that transmission by the fecal–respiratory route may theoretically be a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. First, we update the current knowledge on generation of Salmonella bioaerosols, and the transport and fate of Salmonella at various stages of commercial poultry production. Further, emphasis is placed on survivability of Salmonella in these bioaerosols, as a means to assess the transport and subsequent risk of exposure and infection of poultry. Additionally, the main anatomic structures, physiologic functions, and immunologic defense in the avian respiratory system are discussed to understand the potential entry points inherent in each component that could potentially lead to infection and subsequent systemic infection of poultry by Salmonella. In this context, we also evaluate the role of the mucosal immune system as essentially one large interconnected network that shares information distally, since understanding of this sort of communication between mucosal sites is fundamental to establish the next phase of disease characterization, and perhaps immunization and vaccine development. Further characterization of the respiratory tract with regard to transmission of Salmonella under field conditions may be of critical importance in developing interventional strategies to reduce transmission of this important zoonotic pathogen in poultry. Keywords: Salmonella, respiratory route, portal of entry, systemic dissemination
format	article
author	Kallapura G Hernandez-Velasco X Pumford NR Bielke LR Hargis BM Tellez G
author_facet	Kallapura G Hernandez-Velasco X Pumford NR Bielke LR Hargis BM Tellez G
author_sort	Kallapura G
title	Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
title_short	Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
title_full	Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
title_fullStr	Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry
title_sort	evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for salmonella in poultry
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/30378ecefd4946c0aebe2afbedea8993
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Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry

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