Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>

ABSTRACT The facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. While a few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patien...

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Autores principales:	Pim T. van Leeuwen, Jasper M. van der Peet, Floris J. Bikker, Michel A. Hoogenkamp, Ana M. Oliveira Paiva, Sarantos Kostidis, Oleg A. Mayboroda, Wiep Klaas Smits, Bastiaan P. Krom
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2016
Materias:	Candida albicans Clostridium difficile interspecies interactions Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/303c382b18454d098f572ceefc19d4c1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:303c382b18454d098f572ceefc19d4c12021-11-15T15:22:04ZInterspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>10.1128/mSphere.00187-162379-5042https://doaj.org/article/303c382b18454d098f572ceefc19d4c12016-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00187-16https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT The facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. While a few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, the nature of the interactions between these two microbes has not been studied thus far. In the current study, both chemical and physical interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile were investigated. In the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile was able to grow under aerobic, normally toxic, conditions. This phenomenon was neither linked to adherence of bacteria to hyphae nor to biofilm formation by C. albicans. Conditioned medium of C. difficile inhibited hyphal growth of C. albicans, which is an important virulence factor of the fungus. In addition, it induced hypha-to-yeast conversion. p-Cresol, a fermentation product of tyrosine produced by C. difficile, also induced morphological effects and was identified as an active component of the conditioned medium. This study shows that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can persist and grow under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, p-cresol, produced by C. difficile, is involved in inhibiting hypha formation of C. albicans, directly affecting the biofilm formation and virulence of C. albicans. This study is the first detailed characterization of the interactions between these two gut pathogens. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens that reside in the human gut. A few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, but none have shown the interaction(s) that these two organisms may or may not have with each other. In this study, we used a wide range of different techniques to better understand this interaction at a macroscopic and microscopic level. We found that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can survive under ambient aerobic conditions, which would otherwise be toxic. We also found that C. difficile affects the hypha formation of C. albicans, most likely through the excretion of p-cresol. This ultimately leads to an inability of C. albicans to form a biofilm. Our study provides new insights into interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile and bears relevance to both fungal and bacterial disease.Pim T. van LeeuwenJasper M. van der PeetFloris J. BikkerMichel A. HoogenkampAna M. Oliveira PaivaSarantos KostidisOleg A. MayborodaWiep Klaas SmitsBastiaan P. KromAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCandida albicansClostridium difficileinterspecies interactionsMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 1, Iss 6 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Candida albicans Clostridium difficile interspecies interactions Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Candida albicans Clostridium difficile interspecies interactions Microbiology QR1-502 Pim T. van Leeuwen Jasper M. van der Peet Floris J. Bikker Michel A. Hoogenkamp Ana M. Oliveira Paiva Sarantos Kostidis Oleg A. Mayboroda Wiep Klaas Smits Bastiaan P. Krom Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
description	ABSTRACT The facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. While a few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, the nature of the interactions between these two microbes has not been studied thus far. In the current study, both chemical and physical interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile were investigated. In the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile was able to grow under aerobic, normally toxic, conditions. This phenomenon was neither linked to adherence of bacteria to hyphae nor to biofilm formation by C. albicans. Conditioned medium of C. difficile inhibited hyphal growth of C. albicans, which is an important virulence factor of the fungus. In addition, it induced hypha-to-yeast conversion. p-Cresol, a fermentation product of tyrosine produced by C. difficile, also induced morphological effects and was identified as an active component of the conditioned medium. This study shows that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can persist and grow under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, p-cresol, produced by C. difficile, is involved in inhibiting hypha formation of C. albicans, directly affecting the biofilm formation and virulence of C. albicans. This study is the first detailed characterization of the interactions between these two gut pathogens. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens that reside in the human gut. A few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, but none have shown the interaction(s) that these two organisms may or may not have with each other. In this study, we used a wide range of different techniques to better understand this interaction at a macroscopic and microscopic level. We found that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can survive under ambient aerobic conditions, which would otherwise be toxic. We also found that C. difficile affects the hypha formation of C. albicans, most likely through the excretion of p-cresol. This ultimately leads to an inability of C. albicans to form a biofilm. Our study provides new insights into interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile and bears relevance to both fungal and bacterial disease.
format	article
author	Pim T. van Leeuwen Jasper M. van der Peet Floris J. Bikker Michel A. Hoogenkamp Ana M. Oliveira Paiva Sarantos Kostidis Oleg A. Mayboroda Wiep Klaas Smits Bastiaan P. Krom
author_facet	Pim T. van Leeuwen Jasper M. van der Peet Floris J. Bikker Michel A. Hoogenkamp Ana M. Oliveira Paiva Sarantos Kostidis Oleg A. Mayboroda Wiep Klaas Smits Bastiaan P. Krom
author_sort	Pim T. van Leeuwen
title	Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_short	Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_full	Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_fullStr	Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_full_unstemmed	Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_sort	interspecies interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">candida albicans</named-content>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/303c382b18454d098f572ceefc19d4c1
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Interspecies Interactions between <named-content content-type="genus-species">Clostridium difficile</named-content> and <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>

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