Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) and particularly consider whether or not this measure was invariant when used among the Black and White residents. Baseline data from an implementation study testing that included...

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Autores principales:	Barbara Resnick, Kimberly Van Haitsma, Ann Kolanowski, Elizabeth Galik, Marie Boltz, Jeanette Ellis, Liza Behrens, Karen Eshraghi, Cynthia L. Renn, Susan G. Dorsey
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	pain dementia measurement race Rasch analysis Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/309d273c9bd3496883bea84a7eddd70c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:309d273c9bd3496883bea84a7eddd70c2021-12-02T08:59:41ZInvariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia2673-561X10.3389/fpain.2021.757654https://doaj.org/article/309d273c9bd3496883bea84a7eddd70c2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpain.2021.757654/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2673-561XThe purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) and particularly consider whether or not this measure was invariant when used among the Black and White residents. Baseline data from an implementation study testing that included a sample of 553 residents, 30% of who were Black, from 55 nursing were included in this study. The Winsteps statistical program was used to perform the Rasch analysis and evaluate the reliability and validity of the measure based on internal consistency, infit and outfit statistics, mapping, and a differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. The AMOS statistical program was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The findings supported the reliability and validity of the PAINAD when used with these individuals and demonstrated that there was no evidence of invariance between the Black and White residents. All the items fit the model, but there was not a good spread of the items across the pain level of the participants. The majority of the participants (75%) were so low in pain signs or symptoms that they could not be differentiated. Based on the clinical practice and observations, it is recommended that additional items can be added to the measure such as observing the individual for evidence of resisting care, retropulsion when trying to stand, hitting or kicking when turning in bed, hitting or kicking when transferring from bed to chair, hitting or kicking when ambulating, or hitting or kicking when raising arms, less engagement with others, and decreased participation in the activities previously enjoyed.Barbara ResnickKimberly Van HaitsmaAnn KolanowskiElizabeth GalikMarie BoltzJeanette EllisLiza BehrensKaren EshraghiCynthia L. RennSusan G. DorseyFrontiers Media S.A.articlepaindementiameasurementraceRasch analysisNeurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENFrontiers in Pain Research, Vol 2 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	pain dementia measurement race Rasch analysis Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	pain dementia measurement race Rasch analysis Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Barbara Resnick Kimberly Van Haitsma Ann Kolanowski Elizabeth Galik Marie Boltz Jeanette Ellis Liza Behrens Karen Eshraghi Cynthia L. Renn Susan G. Dorsey Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
description	The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) and particularly consider whether or not this measure was invariant when used among the Black and White residents. Baseline data from an implementation study testing that included a sample of 553 residents, 30% of who were Black, from 55 nursing were included in this study. The Winsteps statistical program was used to perform the Rasch analysis and evaluate the reliability and validity of the measure based on internal consistency, infit and outfit statistics, mapping, and a differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. The AMOS statistical program was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The findings supported the reliability and validity of the PAINAD when used with these individuals and demonstrated that there was no evidence of invariance between the Black and White residents. All the items fit the model, but there was not a good spread of the items across the pain level of the participants. The majority of the participants (75%) were so low in pain signs or symptoms that they could not be differentiated. Based on the clinical practice and observations, it is recommended that additional items can be added to the measure such as observing the individual for evidence of resisting care, retropulsion when trying to stand, hitting or kicking when turning in bed, hitting or kicking when transferring from bed to chair, hitting or kicking when ambulating, or hitting or kicking when raising arms, less engagement with others, and decreased participation in the activities previously enjoyed.
format	article
author	Barbara Resnick Kimberly Van Haitsma Ann Kolanowski Elizabeth Galik Marie Boltz Jeanette Ellis Liza Behrens Karen Eshraghi Cynthia L. Renn Susan G. Dorsey
author_facet	Barbara Resnick Kimberly Van Haitsma Ann Kolanowski Elizabeth Galik Marie Boltz Jeanette Ellis Liza Behrens Karen Eshraghi Cynthia L. Renn Susan G. Dorsey
author_sort	Barbara Resnick
title	Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
title_short	Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
title_full	Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
title_fullStr	Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
title_full_unstemmed	Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia
title_sort	invariance of the painad scale between the black and white residents living with dementia
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/309d273c9bd3496883bea84a7eddd70c
work_keys_str_mv	AT barbararesnick invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT kimberlyvanhaitsma invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT annkolanowski invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT elizabethgalik invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT marieboltz invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT jeanetteellis invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT lizabehrens invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT kareneshraghi invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT cynthialrenn invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia AT susangdorsey invarianceofthepainadscalebetweentheblackandwhiteresidentslivingwithdementia
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Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia

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