Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.

<h4>Aims</h4>To evaluate the relative efficiencies of five Internet-based digital and three paper-based scientific surveys and to estimate the costs for different-sized cohorts.<h4>Methods</h4>Invitations to participate in a survey were distributed via e-mail to employees of...

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Autores principales:	Constantin E Uhlig, Berthold Seitz, Nicole Eter, Julia Promesberger, Holger Busse
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/30e1171bd3814376b2c2fbd487fa5f0d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:30e1171bd3814376b2c2fbd487fa5f0d2021-11-25T05:56:44ZEfficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0108441https://doaj.org/article/30e1171bd3814376b2c2fbd487fa5f0d2014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108441https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Aims</h4>To evaluate the relative efficiencies of five Internet-based digital and three paper-based scientific surveys and to estimate the costs for different-sized cohorts.<h4>Methods</h4>Invitations to participate in a survey were distributed via e-mail to employees of two university hospitals (E1 and E2) and to members of a medical association (E3), as a link placed in a special text on the municipal homepage regularly read by the administrative employees of two cities (H1 and H2), and paper-based to workers at an automobile enterprise (P1) and college (P2) and senior (P3) students. The main parameters analyzed included the numbers of invited and actual participants, and the time and cost to complete the survey. Statistical analysis was descriptive, except for the Kruskal-Wallis-H-test, which was used to compare the three recruitment methods. Cost efficiencies were compared and extrapolated to different-sized cohorts.<h4>Results</h4>The ratios of completely answered questionnaires to distributed questionnaires were between 81.5% (E1) and 97.4% (P2). Between 6.4% (P1) and 57.0% (P2) of the invited participants completely answered the questionnaires. The costs per completely answered questionnaire were $0.57-$1.41 (E1-3), $1.70 and $0.80 for H1 and H2, respectively, and $3.36-$4.21 (P1-3). Based on our results, electronic surveys with 10, 20, 30, or 42 questions would be estimated to be most cost (and time) efficient if more than 101.6-225.9 (128.2-391.7), 139.8-229.2 (93.8-193.6), 165.8-230.6 (68.7-115.7), or 188.2-231.5 (44.4-72.7) participants were required, respectively.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The study efficiency depended on the technical modalities of the survey methods and engagement of the participants. Depending on our study design, our results suggest that in similar projects that will certainly have more than two to three hundred required participants, the most efficient way of conducting a questionnaire-based survey is likely via the Internet with a digital questionnaire, specifically via a centralized e-mail.Constantin E UhligBerthold SeitzNicole EterJulia PromesbergerHolger BussePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 10, p e108441 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Constantin E Uhlig Berthold Seitz Nicole Eter Julia Promesberger Holger Busse Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
description	<h4>Aims</h4>To evaluate the relative efficiencies of five Internet-based digital and three paper-based scientific surveys and to estimate the costs for different-sized cohorts.<h4>Methods</h4>Invitations to participate in a survey were distributed via e-mail to employees of two university hospitals (E1 and E2) and to members of a medical association (E3), as a link placed in a special text on the municipal homepage regularly read by the administrative employees of two cities (H1 and H2), and paper-based to workers at an automobile enterprise (P1) and college (P2) and senior (P3) students. The main parameters analyzed included the numbers of invited and actual participants, and the time and cost to complete the survey. Statistical analysis was descriptive, except for the Kruskal-Wallis-H-test, which was used to compare the three recruitment methods. Cost efficiencies were compared and extrapolated to different-sized cohorts.<h4>Results</h4>The ratios of completely answered questionnaires to distributed questionnaires were between 81.5% (E1) and 97.4% (P2). Between 6.4% (P1) and 57.0% (P2) of the invited participants completely answered the questionnaires. The costs per completely answered questionnaire were $0.57-$1.41 (E1-3), $1.70 and $0.80 for H1 and H2, respectively, and $3.36-$4.21 (P1-3). Based on our results, electronic surveys with 10, 20, 30, or 42 questions would be estimated to be most cost (and time) efficient if more than 101.6-225.9 (128.2-391.7), 139.8-229.2 (93.8-193.6), 165.8-230.6 (68.7-115.7), or 188.2-231.5 (44.4-72.7) participants were required, respectively.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The study efficiency depended on the technical modalities of the survey methods and engagement of the participants. Depending on our study design, our results suggest that in similar projects that will certainly have more than two to three hundred required participants, the most efficient way of conducting a questionnaire-based survey is likely via the Internet with a digital questionnaire, specifically via a centralized e-mail.
format	article
author	Constantin E Uhlig Berthold Seitz Nicole Eter Julia Promesberger Holger Busse
author_facet	Constantin E Uhlig Berthold Seitz Nicole Eter Julia Promesberger Holger Busse
author_sort	Constantin E Uhlig
title	Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
title_short	Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
title_full	Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
title_fullStr	Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
title_full_unstemmed	Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
title_sort	efficiencies of internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/30e1171bd3814376b2c2fbd487fa5f0d
work_keys_str_mv	AT constantineuhlig efficienciesofinternetbaseddigitalandpaperbasedscientificsurveysandtheestimatedcostsandtimefordifferentsizedcohorts AT bertholdseitz efficienciesofinternetbaseddigitalandpaperbasedscientificsurveysandtheestimatedcostsandtimefordifferentsizedcohorts AT nicoleeter efficienciesofinternetbaseddigitalandpaperbasedscientificsurveysandtheestimatedcostsandtimefordifferentsizedcohorts AT juliapromesberger efficienciesofinternetbaseddigitalandpaperbasedscientificsurveysandtheestimatedcostsandtimefordifferentsizedcohorts AT holgerbusse efficienciesofinternetbaseddigitalandpaperbasedscientificsurveysandtheestimatedcostsandtimefordifferentsizedcohorts
_version_	1718414330072924160

Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.

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