Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds

Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by various fungi, and these compounds not only inflict economic damage, but also pose risks to human and animal health. The goal of the present study was to optimize the QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (L...

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Autores principales:	Hyungju Seo, Sunyeong Jang, Hyeongwook Jo, Haejin Kim, Seunghwa Lee, Hyejeong Yun, Minhee Jeong, Joonkwan Moon, Taewoong Na, Hyunjeong Cho
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	mycotoxin feed investigation QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/30f13b1e2c8041b1943b12a60cfb04c6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:30f13b1e2c8041b1943b12a60cfb04c62021-11-25T19:08:40ZOptimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds10.3390/toxins131107672072-6651https://doaj.org/article/30f13b1e2c8041b1943b12a60cfb04c62021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/767https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by various fungi, and these compounds not only inflict economic damage, but also pose risks to human and animal health. The goal of the present study was to optimize the QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly found in feed. The QuEChERS method, characterized by being “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”, has become one of the most common extractions and clean-up procedures for mycotoxin analyses in food. Therefore, in this experiment, an optimal method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins in feed was established by modifying the general QuEChERS method. In this process, it was confirmed that even if feed samples of different weights were extracted, the quantitative value of mycotoxins in the feed was not affected. To reduce matrix effects, 13C-labeled compounds and deuterium were used as internal standards. This optimized method was then applied in the determination of 11 mycotoxins in 736 feed ingredients and compound feeds obtained from South Korea. The results showed that the occurrence rates of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 59.4%, 38.0%, and 32.1%, respectively, and OTA, AFs, and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were found in fewer than 1% of the 736 feeds. The mean concentration ranges of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 757–2387, 44–4552, and 248–9680 μg/kg, respectively. Among the samples in which DON and ZEN were detected, 10 and 12 samples exceeded the management recommendation standards presented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). However, when the detected concentrations of DON and ZEN were compared with guideline levels in foreign countries, such as the US, Japan, China, and the EU, the number of positive samples changed. In addition, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the feed was analyzed, and the results showed that 43.8% of the samples were contaminated with two or three mycotoxins, among which the co-occurrence rate of FBs, ZEN, and DON was the highest. In conclusion, these results suggest the need for stricter management standards for FBs, DON, and ZEN in South Korea, and emphasize the importance of the continuous monitoring of feeds.Hyungju SeoSunyeong JangHyeongwook JoHaejin KimSeunghwa LeeHyejeong YunMinhee JeongJoonkwan MoonTaewoong NaHyunjeong ChoMDPI AGarticlemycotoxinfeedinvestigationQuEChERSLC–MS/MSMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 767, p 767 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mycotoxin feed investigation QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Medicine R
spellingShingle	mycotoxin feed investigation QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Medicine R Hyungju Seo Sunyeong Jang Hyeongwook Jo Haejin Kim Seunghwa Lee Hyejeong Yun Minhee Jeong Joonkwan Moon Taewoong Na Hyunjeong Cho Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
description	Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by various fungi, and these compounds not only inflict economic damage, but also pose risks to human and animal health. The goal of the present study was to optimize the QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly found in feed. The QuEChERS method, characterized by being “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”, has become one of the most common extractions and clean-up procedures for mycotoxin analyses in food. Therefore, in this experiment, an optimal method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins in feed was established by modifying the general QuEChERS method. In this process, it was confirmed that even if feed samples of different weights were extracted, the quantitative value of mycotoxins in the feed was not affected. To reduce matrix effects, 13C-labeled compounds and deuterium were used as internal standards. This optimized method was then applied in the determination of 11 mycotoxins in 736 feed ingredients and compound feeds obtained from South Korea. The results showed that the occurrence rates of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 59.4%, 38.0%, and 32.1%, respectively, and OTA, AFs, and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were found in fewer than 1% of the 736 feeds. The mean concentration ranges of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 757–2387, 44–4552, and 248–9680 μg/kg, respectively. Among the samples in which DON and ZEN were detected, 10 and 12 samples exceeded the management recommendation standards presented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). However, when the detected concentrations of DON and ZEN were compared with guideline levels in foreign countries, such as the US, Japan, China, and the EU, the number of positive samples changed. In addition, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the feed was analyzed, and the results showed that 43.8% of the samples were contaminated with two or three mycotoxins, among which the co-occurrence rate of FBs, ZEN, and DON was the highest. In conclusion, these results suggest the need for stricter management standards for FBs, DON, and ZEN in South Korea, and emphasize the importance of the continuous monitoring of feeds.
format	article
author	Hyungju Seo Sunyeong Jang Hyeongwook Jo Haejin Kim Seunghwa Lee Hyejeong Yun Minhee Jeong Joonkwan Moon Taewoong Na Hyunjeong Cho
author_facet	Hyungju Seo Sunyeong Jang Hyeongwook Jo Haejin Kim Seunghwa Lee Hyejeong Yun Minhee Jeong Joonkwan Moon Taewoong Na Hyunjeong Cho
author_sort	Hyungju Seo
title	Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
title_short	Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
title_full	Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
title_fullStr	Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds
title_sort	optimization of the quechers-based analytical method for investigation of 11 mycotoxin residues in feed ingredients and compound feeds
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/30f13b1e2c8041b1943b12a60cfb04c6
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Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds

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