Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection

Abstract There is an increasing challenge to prevent illicit drug smuggling across borders and seaports. However, the existing techniques in-and-of-themselves are not sufficient to identify the illicit drugs rapidly and accurately. In the present study, combining nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF)...

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Autores principales:	Haoyang Lan, Tan Song, Xingde Huang, Shengqiang Zhao, Jianliang Zhou, Zhichao Zhu, Yi Xu, Dimiter L. Balabanski, Wen Luo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/310cfab6eeb34e95a045b6d71b14b55e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:310cfab6eeb34e95a045b6d71b14b55e2021-12-02T14:12:46ZNuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection10.1038/s41598-020-80079-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/310cfab6eeb34e95a045b6d71b14b55e2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80079-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract There is an increasing challenge to prevent illicit drug smuggling across borders and seaports. However, the existing techniques in-and-of-themselves are not sufficient to identify the illicit drugs rapidly and accurately. In the present study, combining nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) spectroscopy and the element (or isotope) ratio approach, we present a novel inspection method that can simultaneously reveal the elemental (or isotopic) composition of the illicit drugs, such as widely abused methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, ketamine and morphine. In the NRF spectroscopy, the nuclei are excited by the induced photon beam, and measurement of the characteristic energies of the emitted $$\gamma $$ γ rays from the distinct energy levels in the excited nuclei provides “fingerprints” of the interested elements in the illicit drugs. The element ratio approach is further used to identify drug elemental composition in principle. Monte Carlo simulations show that four NRF peaks from the nuclei $$^{12}$$ 12 C, $$^{14}$$ 14 N and $$^{16}$$ 16 O can be detected with high significance of 7−24 $$\sigma $$ σ using an induced photon beam flux of $$10^{11}$$ 10 11 . The ratio of $$^{14}N$$ 14 N / $$^{12}C$$ 12 C and/or $$^{16}O$$ 16 O / $$^{12}C$$ 12 C for illicit drugs inspected are then extracted using the element ratio approach. It is found that the present results of simulations are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The feasibility to detect the illicit drugs, inside the 15-mm-thick iron shielding, or surrounded by thin benign materials, is also discussed. It is indicated that, using the state-of-the-art $$\gamma $$ γ -ray source of high intensity and energy-tunability, the proposed method has a great potential for identifying drugs and explosives in a realistic measurement time.Haoyang LanTan SongXingde HuangShengqiang ZhaoJianliang ZhouZhichao ZhuYi XuDimiter L. BalabanskiWen LuoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Haoyang Lan Tan Song Xingde Huang Shengqiang Zhao Jianliang Zhou Zhichao Zhu Yi Xu Dimiter L. Balabanski Wen Luo Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
description	Abstract There is an increasing challenge to prevent illicit drug smuggling across borders and seaports. However, the existing techniques in-and-of-themselves are not sufficient to identify the illicit drugs rapidly and accurately. In the present study, combining nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) spectroscopy and the element (or isotope) ratio approach, we present a novel inspection method that can simultaneously reveal the elemental (or isotopic) composition of the illicit drugs, such as widely abused methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, ketamine and morphine. In the NRF spectroscopy, the nuclei are excited by the induced photon beam, and measurement of the characteristic energies of the emitted $$\gamma $$ γ rays from the distinct energy levels in the excited nuclei provides “fingerprints” of the interested elements in the illicit drugs. The element ratio approach is further used to identify drug elemental composition in principle. Monte Carlo simulations show that four NRF peaks from the nuclei $$^{12}$$ 12 C, $$^{14}$$ 14 N and $$^{16}$$ 16 O can be detected with high significance of 7−24 $$\sigma $$ σ using an induced photon beam flux of $$10^{11}$$ 10 11 . The ratio of $$^{14}N$$ 14 N / $$^{12}C$$ 12 C and/or $$^{16}O$$ 16 O / $$^{12}C$$ 12 C for illicit drugs inspected are then extracted using the element ratio approach. It is found that the present results of simulations are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The feasibility to detect the illicit drugs, inside the 15-mm-thick iron shielding, or surrounded by thin benign materials, is also discussed. It is indicated that, using the state-of-the-art $$\gamma $$ γ -ray source of high intensity and energy-tunability, the proposed method has a great potential for identifying drugs and explosives in a realistic measurement time.
format	article
author	Haoyang Lan Tan Song Xingde Huang Shengqiang Zhao Jianliang Zhou Zhichao Zhu Yi Xu Dimiter L. Balabanski Wen Luo
author_facet	Haoyang Lan Tan Song Xingde Huang Shengqiang Zhao Jianliang Zhou Zhichao Zhu Yi Xu Dimiter L. Balabanski Wen Luo
author_sort	Haoyang Lan
title	Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
title_short	Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
title_full	Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
title_fullStr	Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
title_full_unstemmed	Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
title_sort	nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/310cfab6eeb34e95a045b6d71b14b55e
work_keys_str_mv	AT haoyanglan nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT tansong nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT xingdehuang nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT shengqiangzhao nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT jianliangzhou nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT zhichaozhu nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT yixu nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT dimiterlbalabanski nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection AT wenluo nuclearresonancefluorescencedruginspection
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Nuclear resonance fluorescence drug inspection

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