Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies

Abstract European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in th...

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Autores principales:	John S. McCloy, José Marcial, Jack S. Clarke, Mostafa Ahmadzadeh, John A. Wolff, Edward P. Vicenzi, David L. Bollinger, Erik Ogenhall, Mia Englund, Carolyn I. Pearce, Rolf Sjöblom, Albert A. Kruger
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/31320ea7091548e0a36e406b6bc90cbd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:31320ea7091548e0a36e406b6bc90cbd2021-12-02T14:12:42ZReproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies10.1038/s41598-020-80485-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/31320ea7091548e0a36e406b6bc90cbd2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80485-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in the hillfort at Broborg, Sweden. Potential source rocks were collected locally and heat treated in the laboratory, varying maximum temperature, cooling rate, and starting particle size. Crystalline and amorphous phases were quantified using X-ray diffraction both in situ, during heating and cooling, and ex situ, after heating and quenching. Textures, phases, and glass compositions obtained were compared with those for rock samples from the vitrified part of the wall, as well as with equilibrium crystallization calculations. ‘Dark glass’ and its associated minerals formed from amphibolite or dolerite rocks melted at 1000–1200 °C under reducing atmosphere then slow cooled. ‘Clear glass’ formed from non-equilibrium partial melting of feldspar in granitoid rocks. This study aids archaeological forensic investigation of vitrified hillforts and interpretation of source rock material by mapping mineralogical changes and glass production under various heating conditions.John S. McCloyJosé MarcialJack S. ClarkeMostafa AhmadzadehJohn A. WolffEdward P. VicenziDavid L. BollingerErik OgenhallMia EnglundCarolyn I. PearceRolf SjöblomAlbert A. KrugerNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q John S. McCloy José Marcial Jack S. Clarke Mostafa Ahmadzadeh John A. Wolff Edward P. Vicenzi David L. Bollinger Erik Ogenhall Mia Englund Carolyn I. Pearce Rolf Sjöblom Albert A. Kruger Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
description	Abstract European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in the hillfort at Broborg, Sweden. Potential source rocks were collected locally and heat treated in the laboratory, varying maximum temperature, cooling rate, and starting particle size. Crystalline and amorphous phases were quantified using X-ray diffraction both in situ, during heating and cooling, and ex situ, after heating and quenching. Textures, phases, and glass compositions obtained were compared with those for rock samples from the vitrified part of the wall, as well as with equilibrium crystallization calculations. ‘Dark glass’ and its associated minerals formed from amphibolite or dolerite rocks melted at 1000–1200 °C under reducing atmosphere then slow cooled. ‘Clear glass’ formed from non-equilibrium partial melting of feldspar in granitoid rocks. This study aids archaeological forensic investigation of vitrified hillforts and interpretation of source rock material by mapping mineralogical changes and glass production under various heating conditions.
format	article
author	John S. McCloy José Marcial Jack S. Clarke Mostafa Ahmadzadeh John A. Wolff Edward P. Vicenzi David L. Bollinger Erik Ogenhall Mia Englund Carolyn I. Pearce Rolf Sjöblom Albert A. Kruger
author_facet	John S. McCloy José Marcial Jack S. Clarke Mostafa Ahmadzadeh John A. Wolff Edward P. Vicenzi David L. Bollinger Erik Ogenhall Mia Englund Carolyn I. Pearce Rolf Sjöblom Albert A. Kruger
author_sort	John S. McCloy
title	Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
title_short	Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
title_full	Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
title_fullStr	Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
title_full_unstemmed	Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
title_sort	reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/31320ea7091548e0a36e406b6bc90cbd
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Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies

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