Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.

<h4>Background</h4>Wild mallards (Anas platyrhychos) are considered one of the primary reservoir species for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Because AIV circulating in wild birds pose an indirect threat to agriculture and human health, understanding the ecology of AIV and developing risk...

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Autores principales:	Kaci K VanDalen, Alan B Franklin, Nicole L Mooers, Heather J Sullivan, Susan A Shriner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/31ece7e17e124363b3a3ec40adae0c84
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:31ece7e17e124363b3a3ec40adae0c842021-11-18T06:35:00ZShedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0012851https://doaj.org/article/31ece7e17e124363b3a3ec40adae0c842010-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20877466/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Wild mallards (Anas platyrhychos) are considered one of the primary reservoir species for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Because AIV circulating in wild birds pose an indirect threat to agriculture and human health, understanding the ecology of AIV and developing risk assessments and surveillance systems for prevention of disease is critical.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>In this study, mallards were experimentally infected with an H4N6 subtype of AIV by oral inoculation or contact with an H4N6 contaminated water source. Cloacal swabs, oropharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, and water samples were collected daily and tested by real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) for estimation of viral shedding. Fecal samples had significantly higher virus concentrations than oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs and 6 month old ducks shed significantly more viral RNA than 3 month old ducks regardless of sample type. Use of a water source contaminated by AIV infected mallards, was sufficient to transmit virus to naïve mallards, which shed AIV at higher or similar levels as orally-inoculated ducks.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Bodies of water could serve as a transmission pathway for AIV in waterfowl. For AIV surveillance purposes, water samples and fecal samples appear to be excellent alternatives or additions to cloacal and oropharyngeal swabbing. Furthermore, duck age (even within hatch-year birds) may be important when interpreting viral shedding results from experimental infections or surveillance. Differential shedding among hatch-year mallards could affect prevalence estimates, modeling of AIV spread, and subsequent risk assessments.Kaci K VanDalenAlan B FranklinNicole L MooersHeather J SullivanSusan A ShrinerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 9, p e12851 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Kaci K VanDalen Alan B Franklin Nicole L Mooers Heather J Sullivan Susan A Shriner Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Wild mallards (Anas platyrhychos) are considered one of the primary reservoir species for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Because AIV circulating in wild birds pose an indirect threat to agriculture and human health, understanding the ecology of AIV and developing risk assessments and surveillance systems for prevention of disease is critical.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>In this study, mallards were experimentally infected with an H4N6 subtype of AIV by oral inoculation or contact with an H4N6 contaminated water source. Cloacal swabs, oropharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, and water samples were collected daily and tested by real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) for estimation of viral shedding. Fecal samples had significantly higher virus concentrations than oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs and 6 month old ducks shed significantly more viral RNA than 3 month old ducks regardless of sample type. Use of a water source contaminated by AIV infected mallards, was sufficient to transmit virus to naïve mallards, which shed AIV at higher or similar levels as orally-inoculated ducks.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Bodies of water could serve as a transmission pathway for AIV in waterfowl. For AIV surveillance purposes, water samples and fecal samples appear to be excellent alternatives or additions to cloacal and oropharyngeal swabbing. Furthermore, duck age (even within hatch-year birds) may be important when interpreting viral shedding results from experimental infections or surveillance. Differential shedding among hatch-year mallards could affect prevalence estimates, modeling of AIV spread, and subsequent risk assessments.
format	article
author	Kaci K VanDalen Alan B Franklin Nicole L Mooers Heather J Sullivan Susan A Shriner
author_facet	Kaci K VanDalen Alan B Franklin Nicole L Mooers Heather J Sullivan Susan A Shriner
author_sort	Kaci K VanDalen
title	Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
title_short	Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
title_full	Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
title_fullStr	Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
title_full_unstemmed	Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
title_sort	shedding light on avian influenza h4n6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/31ece7e17e124363b3a3ec40adae0c84
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Shedding light on avian influenza H4N6 infection in mallards: modes of transmission and implications for surveillance.

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