Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China

To explore the mass concentration levels and health risks of heavy metals in the air in dense traffic environments, PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected at three sites in the city of Kunming in April and October 2013, and January and May 2014. Ten heavy metals––V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu,...

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Autores principales:	Xinyu Han, Shuai Li, Zezheng Li, Xiaochen Pang, Yuzhai Bao, Jianwu Shi, Ping Ning
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	PM<sub>2.5</sub> heavy metals enrichment factor principal component analysis heath risk assessment Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/320e53df30404ad8b7af8dd698137c54
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:320e53df30404ad8b7af8dd698137c542021-11-11T16:09:51ZConcentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China10.3390/ijerph1821110041660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/320e53df30404ad8b7af8dd698137c542021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11004https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601To explore the mass concentration levels and health risks of heavy metals in the air in dense traffic environments, PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected at three sites in the city of Kunming in April and October 2013, and January and May 2014. Ten heavy metals––V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb––were analyzed by ICP–MS, and the results showed PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations significantly higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn, especially for Zn and Pb. The concentration of heavy metals on working days is significantly higher, indicating that vehicle emissions are significant contributors. An enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb come mainly from anthropogenic sources, while V and Co may be both anthropogenic and natural. The correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb mainly come from vehicles emissions and metallurgical industries; Cr and Mn, from vehicles emissions and road dust; and As, mainly from coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the non-carcinogenic risk thresholds of the heavy metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> to children and adult men and women are all less than 1. The carcinogenic risk of Cr for men and women in traffic-intensive areas exceeds 10<sup>−4</sup>, reaching 1.64 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and 1.4 × 10<sup>−4</sup>, respectively.Xinyu HanShuai LiZezheng LiXiaochen PangYuzhai BaoJianwu ShiPing NingMDPI AGarticlePM<sub>2.5</sub>heavy metalsenrichment factorprincipal component analysisheath risk assessmentMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11004, p 11004 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	PM<sub>2.5</sub> heavy metals enrichment factor principal component analysis heath risk assessment Medicine R
spellingShingle	PM<sub>2.5</sub> heavy metals enrichment factor principal component analysis heath risk assessment Medicine R Xinyu Han Shuai Li Zezheng Li Xiaochen Pang Yuzhai Bao Jianwu Shi Ping Ning Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
description	To explore the mass concentration levels and health risks of heavy metals in the air in dense traffic environments, PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected at three sites in the city of Kunming in April and October 2013, and January and May 2014. Ten heavy metals––V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb––were analyzed by ICP–MS, and the results showed PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations significantly higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn, especially for Zn and Pb. The concentration of heavy metals on working days is significantly higher, indicating that vehicle emissions are significant contributors. An enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb come mainly from anthropogenic sources, while V and Co may be both anthropogenic and natural. The correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb mainly come from vehicles emissions and metallurgical industries; Cr and Mn, from vehicles emissions and road dust; and As, mainly from coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the non-carcinogenic risk thresholds of the heavy metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> to children and adult men and women are all less than 1. The carcinogenic risk of Cr for men and women in traffic-intensive areas exceeds 10<sup>−4</sup>, reaching 1.64 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and 1.4 × 10<sup>−4</sup>, respectively.
format	article
author	Xinyu Han Shuai Li Zezheng Li Xiaochen Pang Yuzhai Bao Jianwu Shi Ping Ning
author_facet	Xinyu Han Shuai Li Zezheng Li Xiaochen Pang Yuzhai Bao Jianwu Shi Ping Ning
author_sort	Xinyu Han
title	Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
title_short	Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
title_full	Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
title_fullStr	Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
title_full_unstemmed	Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China
title_sort	concentrations, source characteristics, and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in pm<sub>2.5</sub> in a plateau city (kunming) in southwest china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/320e53df30404ad8b7af8dd698137c54
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Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China

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