Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown t...

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Autores principales:	Karema Abu-Elfotuh, Ghada M. Ragab, Ahmad Salahuddin, Lubna Jamil, Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Alzheimer’s <i>Triticum aestivum</i> β–catenin GSK-3β β-amyloid tau protein Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af43
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af432021-11-11T18:40:52ZAttenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity10.3390/molecules262167521420-3049https://doaj.org/article/323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af432021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6752https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Method: Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl<sub>3</sub>). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. Conclusions: AlCl<sub>3</sub> elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β–catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues.Karema Abu-ElfotuhGhada M. RagabAhmad SalahuddinLubna JamilEkram Nemr Abd Al HaleemMDPI AGarticleAlzheimer’s<i>Triticum aestivum</i>β–cateninGSK-3ββ-amyloidtau proteinOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6752, p 6752 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Alzheimer’s <i>Triticum aestivum</i> β–catenin GSK-3β β-amyloid tau protein Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	Alzheimer’s <i>Triticum aestivum</i> β–catenin GSK-3β β-amyloid tau protein Organic chemistry QD241-441 Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
description	Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Method: Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl<sub>3</sub>). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. Conclusions: AlCl<sub>3</sub> elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β–catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues.
format	article
author	Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem
author_facet	Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem
author_sort	Karema Abu-Elfotuh
title	Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
title_short	Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
title_full	Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
title_fullStr	Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
title_full_unstemmed	Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
title_sort	attenuative effects of fluoxetine and <i>triticum aestivum</i> against aluminum-induced alzheimer’s disease in rats: the possible consequences on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af43
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Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

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