Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?

<h4>Background</h4>African trypanosomes are parasites mainly transmitted by tsetse flies. They cause trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and animals (AAT). In Chad, HAT/AAT are endemic. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of trypanosomes in Mandoul, an isolated area where...

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Autores principales:	Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim, Judith Sophie Weber, Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho, Djoukzoumka Signaboubo, Petra Berger, Hassane Mahamat Hassane, Sørge Kelm
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/323a27b734c146c389c423fb49728b15
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:323a27b734c146c389c423fb49728b152021-11-25T06:31:48ZDiversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0009323https://doaj.org/article/323a27b734c146c389c423fb49728b152021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009323https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>African trypanosomes are parasites mainly transmitted by tsetse flies. They cause trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and animals (AAT). In Chad, HAT/AAT are endemic. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of trypanosomes in Mandoul, an isolated area where a tsetse control campaign is ongoing, and Maro, an area bordering the Central African Republic (CAR) where the control had not started.<h4>Methods</h4>717 human and 540 cattle blood samples were collected, and 177 tsetse flies were caught. Trypanosomal DNA was detected using PCR targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), followed by amplicon sequencing.<h4>Results</h4>Trypanosomal DNA was identified in 14 human samples, 227 cattle samples, and in tsetse. Besides T. b. gambiense, T. congolense was detected in human in Maro. In Mandoul, DNA from an unknown Trypanosoma sp.-129-H was detected in a human with a history of a cured HAT infection and persisting symptoms. In cattle and tsetse samples from Maro, T. godfreyi and T. grayi were detected besides the known animal pathogens, in addition to T. theileri (in cattle) and T. simiae (in tsetse). Furthermore, in Maro, evidence for additional unknown trypanosomes was obtained in tsetse. In contrast, in the Mandoul area, only T. theileri, T. simiae, and T. vivax DNA was identified in cattle. Genetic diversity was most prominent in T. vivax and T. theileri.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Tsetse control activities in Mandoul reduced the tsetse population and thus the pathogenic parasites. Nevertheless, T. theileri, T. vivax, and T. simiae are frequent in cattle suggesting transmission by other insect vectors. In contrast, in Maro, transhumance to/from Central African Republic and no tsetse control may have led to the high diversity and frequency of trypanosomes observed including HAT/AAT pathogenic species. Active HAT infections stress the need to enforce monitoring and control campaigns. Additionally, the diverse trypanosome species in humans and cattle indicate the necessity to investigate the infectivity of the unknown trypanosomes regarding their zoonotic potential. Finally, this study should be widened to other trypanosome hosts to capture the whole diversity of circulating trypanosomes.Mahamat Alhadj Moussa IbrahimJudith Sophie WeberSen Claudine Henriette NgomtchoDjoukzoumka SignabouboPetra BergerHassane Mahamat HassaneSørge KelmPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 6, p e0009323 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim Judith Sophie Weber Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho Djoukzoumka Signaboubo Petra Berger Hassane Mahamat Hassane Sørge Kelm Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
description	<h4>Background</h4>African trypanosomes are parasites mainly transmitted by tsetse flies. They cause trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and animals (AAT). In Chad, HAT/AAT are endemic. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of trypanosomes in Mandoul, an isolated area where a tsetse control campaign is ongoing, and Maro, an area bordering the Central African Republic (CAR) where the control had not started.<h4>Methods</h4>717 human and 540 cattle blood samples were collected, and 177 tsetse flies were caught. Trypanosomal DNA was detected using PCR targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), followed by amplicon sequencing.<h4>Results</h4>Trypanosomal DNA was identified in 14 human samples, 227 cattle samples, and in tsetse. Besides T. b. gambiense, T. congolense was detected in human in Maro. In Mandoul, DNA from an unknown Trypanosoma sp.-129-H was detected in a human with a history of a cured HAT infection and persisting symptoms. In cattle and tsetse samples from Maro, T. godfreyi and T. grayi were detected besides the known animal pathogens, in addition to T. theileri (in cattle) and T. simiae (in tsetse). Furthermore, in Maro, evidence for additional unknown trypanosomes was obtained in tsetse. In contrast, in the Mandoul area, only T. theileri, T. simiae, and T. vivax DNA was identified in cattle. Genetic diversity was most prominent in T. vivax and T. theileri.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Tsetse control activities in Mandoul reduced the tsetse population and thus the pathogenic parasites. Nevertheless, T. theileri, T. vivax, and T. simiae are frequent in cattle suggesting transmission by other insect vectors. In contrast, in Maro, transhumance to/from Central African Republic and no tsetse control may have led to the high diversity and frequency of trypanosomes observed including HAT/AAT pathogenic species. Active HAT infections stress the need to enforce monitoring and control campaigns. Additionally, the diverse trypanosome species in humans and cattle indicate the necessity to investigate the infectivity of the unknown trypanosomes regarding their zoonotic potential. Finally, this study should be widened to other trypanosome hosts to capture the whole diversity of circulating trypanosomes.
format	article
author	Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim Judith Sophie Weber Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho Djoukzoumka Signaboubo Petra Berger Hassane Mahamat Hassane Sørge Kelm
author_facet	Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim Judith Sophie Weber Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho Djoukzoumka Signaboubo Petra Berger Hassane Mahamat Hassane Sørge Kelm
author_sort	Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim
title	Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
title_short	Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
title_full	Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
title_fullStr	Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
title_full_unstemmed	Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
title_sort	diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the hat foci mandoul and maro, southern chad-a matter of concern for zoonotic potential?
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/323a27b734c146c389c423fb49728b15
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Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential?

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