Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System

Drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can host pathogenic amoebae, but the role of biofilms in supporting the occurrence of these organisms needs to be fully explored in the UK systems. The presence of amoebae and associated bacteria in biofilms attached to inner pipe surfaces was studied in an...

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Autores principales:	Gonzalo Del Olmo, Natalia Malinowski, Geoffrey J. Puzon, Matthew J. Morgan, Carolina Calero, Isabel Douterelo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	amoeba water water quality bacteria biofilm chlorination drinking water Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/32522572392041ef9df3364a3b8b4ae0
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:32522572392041ef9df3364a3b8b4ae0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:32522572392041ef9df3364a3b8b4ae02021-11-11T19:56:24ZBiofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System10.3390/w132130692073-4441https://doaj.org/article/32522572392041ef9df3364a3b8b4ae02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3069https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can host pathogenic amoebae, but the role of biofilms in supporting the occurrence of these organisms needs to be fully explored in the UK systems. The presence of amoebae and associated bacteria in biofilms attached to inner pipe surfaces was studied in an experimental full-scale chlorinated distribution system in the UK. Quantitative polymerase change reaction (qPCR) was used to identify and quantify amoebae, whilst the bacterial communities in the biofilms were characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Despite the maintenance of a chlorine residual in the network (free chlorine ≥ 0.24 mg/L), several species of amoebae belonging to the genera <i>Acanthamoeba</i>, <i>Vermamoeba,</i> and <i>Naegleria</i> were identified in 30-day-old biofilm samples; however, no amoebae were detected in the water samples analysed. The dominant bacterial communities present in the biofilm samples were <i>Variovorax</i>, <i>Pseudomonas,</i> and <i>Aquabacterium</i>. These results indicate that the biofilm samples contained potential pathogenic amoebae and bacteria, such as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> and <i>Pseudomonas,</i> respectively, which implies a potential public health risk if the biofilms are mobilised into the bulk water. Several of the amoebae identified in this study are able to support the presence of resistant bacteria that can remain viable within these prokaryotic organisms until they reach people’s taps. The identification of the microorganisms associated with the pathogenic amoeba species in biofilms could be used to improve the surveillance of DWDS in order to protect public health.Gonzalo Del OlmoNatalia MalinowskiGeoffrey J. PuzonMatthew J. MorganCarolina CaleroIsabel DoutereloMDPI AGarticleamoebawaterwater quality bacteriabiofilmchlorinationdrinking waterHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3069, p 3069 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	amoeba water water quality bacteria biofilm chlorination drinking water Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	amoeba water water quality bacteria biofilm chlorination drinking water Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Gonzalo Del Olmo Natalia Malinowski Geoffrey J. Puzon Matthew J. Morgan Carolina Calero Isabel Douterelo Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
description	Drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can host pathogenic amoebae, but the role of biofilms in supporting the occurrence of these organisms needs to be fully explored in the UK systems. The presence of amoebae and associated bacteria in biofilms attached to inner pipe surfaces was studied in an experimental full-scale chlorinated distribution system in the UK. Quantitative polymerase change reaction (qPCR) was used to identify and quantify amoebae, whilst the bacterial communities in the biofilms were characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Despite the maintenance of a chlorine residual in the network (free chlorine ≥ 0.24 mg/L), several species of amoebae belonging to the genera <i>Acanthamoeba</i>, <i>Vermamoeba,</i> and <i>Naegleria</i> were identified in 30-day-old biofilm samples; however, no amoebae were detected in the water samples analysed. The dominant bacterial communities present in the biofilm samples were <i>Variovorax</i>, <i>Pseudomonas,</i> and <i>Aquabacterium</i>. These results indicate that the biofilm samples contained potential pathogenic amoebae and bacteria, such as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> and <i>Pseudomonas,</i> respectively, which implies a potential public health risk if the biofilms are mobilised into the bulk water. Several of the amoebae identified in this study are able to support the presence of resistant bacteria that can remain viable within these prokaryotic organisms until they reach people’s taps. The identification of the microorganisms associated with the pathogenic amoeba species in biofilms could be used to improve the surveillance of DWDS in order to protect public health.
format	article
author	Gonzalo Del Olmo Natalia Malinowski Geoffrey J. Puzon Matthew J. Morgan Carolina Calero Isabel Douterelo
author_facet	Gonzalo Del Olmo Natalia Malinowski Geoffrey J. Puzon Matthew J. Morgan Carolina Calero Isabel Douterelo
author_sort	Gonzalo Del Olmo
title	Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
title_short	Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
title_full	Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
title_fullStr	Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
title_full_unstemmed	Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System
title_sort	biofilm and related amoebas in an uk chlorinated drinking water system
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/32522572392041ef9df3364a3b8b4ae0
work_keys_str_mv	AT gonzalodelolmo biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem AT nataliamalinowski biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem AT geoffreyjpuzon biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem AT matthewjmorgan biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem AT carolinacalero biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem AT isabeldouterelo biofilmandrelatedamoebasinanukchlorinateddrinkingwatersystem
_version_	1718431340191285248

Biofilm and Related Amoebas in an UK Chlorinated Drinking Water System

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