Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others' mental states, and that these mental states can differ from our own. Although healthy adults have little trouble passing conceptual tests of ToM (e.g., the false belief task [1]), they do not always succeed in using ToM [2,3]. In order t...

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Autores principales:	J Jessica Wang, Natalia Ciranova, Bethany Woods, Ian A Apperly
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3254de98dbfe432fa98e68abf5a254ca
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3254de98dbfe432fa98e68abf5a254ca2021-12-02T20:05:45ZWhy are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0240521https://doaj.org/article/3254de98dbfe432fa98e68abf5a254ca2020-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240521https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others' mental states, and that these mental states can differ from our own. Although healthy adults have little trouble passing conceptual tests of ToM (e.g., the false belief task [1]), they do not always succeed in using ToM [2,3]. In order to be successful in referential communication, listeners need to correctly infer the way in which a speaker's perspective constrains reference and inhibit their own perspective accordingly. However, listeners may require prompts to take these effortful inferential steps. The current study investigated the possibility of embedding prompts in the instructions for listeners to make inference about using a speaker's perspective. Experiment 1 showed that provision of a clear introductory example of the full chain of inferences resulted in large improvement in performance. Residual egocentric errors suggested that the improvement was not simply due to superior comprehension of the instructions. Experiment 2 further dissociated the effect by placing selective emphasis on making inference about inhibiting listeners' own perspective versus using the speaker's perspective. Results showed that only the latter had a significant effect on successful performance. The current findings clearly demonstrated that listeners do not readily make inferences about using speakers' perspectives, but can do so when prompted.J Jessica WangNatalia CiranovaBethany WoodsIan A ApperlyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 10, p e0240521 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q J Jessica Wang Natalia Ciranova Bethany Woods Ian A Apperly Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
description	Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others' mental states, and that these mental states can differ from our own. Although healthy adults have little trouble passing conceptual tests of ToM (e.g., the false belief task [1]), they do not always succeed in using ToM [2,3]. In order to be successful in referential communication, listeners need to correctly infer the way in which a speaker's perspective constrains reference and inhibit their own perspective accordingly. However, listeners may require prompts to take these effortful inferential steps. The current study investigated the possibility of embedding prompts in the instructions for listeners to make inference about using a speaker's perspective. Experiment 1 showed that provision of a clear introductory example of the full chain of inferences resulted in large improvement in performance. Residual egocentric errors suggested that the improvement was not simply due to superior comprehension of the instructions. Experiment 2 further dissociated the effect by placing selective emphasis on making inference about inhibiting listeners' own perspective versus using the speaker's perspective. Results showed that only the latter had a significant effect on successful performance. The current findings clearly demonstrated that listeners do not readily make inferences about using speakers' perspectives, but can do so when prompted.
format	article
author	J Jessica Wang Natalia Ciranova Bethany Woods Ian A Apperly
author_facet	J Jessica Wang Natalia Ciranova Bethany Woods Ian A Apperly
author_sort	J Jessica Wang
title	Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
title_short	Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
title_full	Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
title_fullStr	Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
title_full_unstemmed	Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
title_sort	why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/3254de98dbfe432fa98e68abf5a254ca
work_keys_str_mv	AT jjessicawang whyarelistenerssometimesbutnotalwaysegocentricmakinginferencesaboutusingothersperspectiveinreferentialcommunication AT nataliaciranova whyarelistenerssometimesbutnotalwaysegocentricmakinginferencesaboutusingothersperspectiveinreferentialcommunication AT bethanywoods whyarelistenerssometimesbutnotalwaysegocentricmakinginferencesaboutusingothersperspectiveinreferentialcommunication AT ianaapperly whyarelistenerssometimesbutnotalwaysegocentricmakinginferencesaboutusingothersperspectiveinreferentialcommunication
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Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.

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