An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation

Container-based sanitation (CBS) is increasingly used to provide safely managed sanitation in low-income urban settlements. However, questions remain around the viability of scaling up the technology, partly because it relies on regular emptying and servicing of containers by a CBS provider. This pa...

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Autores principales:	Charlie Ferguson, Adrian Mallory, Paul Hutchings, Claire Remington, Erica Lloyd, Domenic Kiogora, Fiona Anciano, Alison Parker
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	faecal sludge management road networks route optimisation urban sanitation wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/32bcf7e8408a4b99831f2504e5f62c2b
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:32bcf7e8408a4b99831f2504e5f62c2b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:32bcf7e8408a4b99831f2504e5f62c2b2021-11-08T07:59:31ZAn evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation2616-651810.2166/h2oj.2021.112https://doaj.org/article/32bcf7e8408a4b99831f2504e5f62c2b2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.112https://doaj.org/toc/2616-6518Container-based sanitation (CBS) is increasingly used to provide safely managed sanitation in low-income urban settlements. However, questions remain around the viability of scaling up the technology, partly because it relies on regular emptying and servicing of containers by a CBS provider. This paper investigates mechanisms by which this process can be achieved efficiently. Three separate collection strategies are evaluated for their routing efficiencies as CBS goes to scale. An open-source route optimisation solver determines the constituent driving and walking distances necessary for each strategy and has been applied in areas of Cape Town, Cap-Haïtien, Lima and Nairobi. The results indicate that with fewer users (e.g. 50) transfer station models offer the shortest driving routes. However, these do require users to carry their containers (e.g. up to 170 m when stations are 100 m apart). As the number of users increases (e.g. to 5,000), visiting individual houses from a neighbourhood depot offers increasingly efficient driving distances. Overall, however, the results suggest that economies in collection distances for scaled CBS will be largely conditional on greater vehicle capacity (rather than any particular provision strategy). This highlights the importance of road access throughout low-income urban settlements in providing a viable CBS service at scale. HIGHLIGHTS Container-based sanitation is a form of road-based faecal sludge management.; Efficient routing of collection vehicles is critical for enabling scaled CBS.; This modelling evaluates three existing provision strategies using Google-OR tools.; Transfer stations and depots within neighbourhoods can reduce the required driving.; However, enlarged vehicle capacity offers greatest reductions in collection routing.;Charlie FergusonAdrian MalloryPaul HutchingsClaire RemingtonErica LloydDomenic KiogoraFiona AncianoAlison ParkerIWA Publishingarticlefaecal sludge managementroad networksroute optimisationurban sanitationwashRiver, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)TC401-506Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENH2Open Journal, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 216-230 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	faecal sludge management road networks route optimisation urban sanitation wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	faecal sludge management road networks route optimisation urban sanitation wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Charlie Ferguson Adrian Mallory Paul Hutchings Claire Remington Erica Lloyd Domenic Kiogora Fiona Anciano Alison Parker An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
description	Container-based sanitation (CBS) is increasingly used to provide safely managed sanitation in low-income urban settlements. However, questions remain around the viability of scaling up the technology, partly because it relies on regular emptying and servicing of containers by a CBS provider. This paper investigates mechanisms by which this process can be achieved efficiently. Three separate collection strategies are evaluated for their routing efficiencies as CBS goes to scale. An open-source route optimisation solver determines the constituent driving and walking distances necessary for each strategy and has been applied in areas of Cape Town, Cap-Haïtien, Lima and Nairobi. The results indicate that with fewer users (e.g. 50) transfer station models offer the shortest driving routes. However, these do require users to carry their containers (e.g. up to 170 m when stations are 100 m apart). As the number of users increases (e.g. to 5,000), visiting individual houses from a neighbourhood depot offers increasingly efficient driving distances. Overall, however, the results suggest that economies in collection distances for scaled CBS will be largely conditional on greater vehicle capacity (rather than any particular provision strategy). This highlights the importance of road access throughout low-income urban settlements in providing a viable CBS service at scale. HIGHLIGHTS Container-based sanitation is a form of road-based faecal sludge management.; Efficient routing of collection vehicles is critical for enabling scaled CBS.; This modelling evaluates three existing provision strategies using Google-OR tools.; Transfer stations and depots within neighbourhoods can reduce the required driving.; However, enlarged vehicle capacity offers greatest reductions in collection routing.;
format	article
author	Charlie Ferguson Adrian Mallory Paul Hutchings Claire Remington Erica Lloyd Domenic Kiogora Fiona Anciano Alison Parker
author_facet	Charlie Ferguson Adrian Mallory Paul Hutchings Claire Remington Erica Lloyd Domenic Kiogora Fiona Anciano Alison Parker
author_sort	Charlie Ferguson
title	An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
title_short	An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
title_full	An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
title_fullStr	An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
title_full_unstemmed	An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
title_sort	evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/32bcf7e8408a4b99831f2504e5f62c2b
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An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation

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