Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions

In this study, the chemical components of aerosols observed at ground level and in upper layers during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign were analyzed in two representative metropolitan areas of Korea: the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and the Busan-containing southeastern metr...

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Autores principales:	Jong-Min Kim, Hyo-Jung Lee, Hyun-Young Jo, Yu-Jin Jo, Cheol-Hee Kim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	secondary aerosols aircraft measurement Busan metropolitan area PM<sub>2.5</sub> KORUS-AQ campaign Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/333e8f33c2b14775a897fa3630071a5e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:333e8f33c2b14775a897fa3630071a5e2021-11-25T16:44:57ZVertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions10.3390/atmos121114512073-4433https://doaj.org/article/333e8f33c2b14775a897fa3630071a5e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1451https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433In this study, the chemical components of aerosols observed at ground level and in upper layers during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign were analyzed in two representative metropolitan areas of Korea: the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and the Busan-containing southeastern metropolitan area (BMA). First, we characterized emissions using the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) emission statistics, and compared them with both ground- and aircraft-based measurements obtained during the KORUS-AQ campaign. The emission statistics showed that the SMA had higher NO<sub>x</sub> levels, whereas BMA had significantly higher SO<sub>2</sub> levels. Ground-level observations averaged for the summer season also showed SMA–nitrate and BMA–sulfate relationships, reflecting the CAPSS emission characteristics of both areas. However, organic carbon (OC) was higher in BMA than SMA by a factor of 1.7, despite comparable volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the two areas. DC-8 aircraft-based measurements showed that, in most cases, nitrogen-rich localities were found in the SMA, reflecting the emission characteristics of precursors in the two sampling areas, whereas sulfur-rich localities in the BMA were not apparent from either ground-based or aircraft observations. KORUS-AQ measurements were classified according to two synoptic conditions, stagnant (STG) and long-range transport (LRT), and the nitrate-to-sulfate (N/S) ratio in both ground and upper layers was higher in the SMA for both cases. Meanwhile, organic aerosols reflected local emissions characteristics in only the STG case, indicating that this stagnant synoptic condition reflect local aerosol characteristics. The LRT case showed elevated peaks of all species at altitudes of 1.0–3.5 km, indicating the importance of LRT processes for predicting and diagnosing aerosol vertical distributions over Northeast Asia. Other chemical characteristics of aerosols in the two metropolitan areas were also compared.Jong-Min KimHyo-Jung LeeHyun-Young JoYu-Jin JoCheol-Hee KimMDPI AGarticlesecondary aerosolsaircraft measurementBusan metropolitan areaPM<sub>2.5</sub>KORUS-AQ campaignMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1451, p 1451 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	secondary aerosols aircraft measurement Busan metropolitan area PM<sub>2.5</sub> KORUS-AQ campaign Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	secondary aerosols aircraft measurement Busan metropolitan area PM<sub>2.5</sub> KORUS-AQ campaign Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Jong-Min Kim Hyo-Jung Lee Hyun-Young Jo Yu-Jin Jo Cheol-Hee Kim Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
description	In this study, the chemical components of aerosols observed at ground level and in upper layers during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign were analyzed in two representative metropolitan areas of Korea: the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and the Busan-containing southeastern metropolitan area (BMA). First, we characterized emissions using the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) emission statistics, and compared them with both ground- and aircraft-based measurements obtained during the KORUS-AQ campaign. The emission statistics showed that the SMA had higher NO<sub>x</sub> levels, whereas BMA had significantly higher SO<sub>2</sub> levels. Ground-level observations averaged for the summer season also showed SMA–nitrate and BMA–sulfate relationships, reflecting the CAPSS emission characteristics of both areas. However, organic carbon (OC) was higher in BMA than SMA by a factor of 1.7, despite comparable volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the two areas. DC-8 aircraft-based measurements showed that, in most cases, nitrogen-rich localities were found in the SMA, reflecting the emission characteristics of precursors in the two sampling areas, whereas sulfur-rich localities in the BMA were not apparent from either ground-based or aircraft observations. KORUS-AQ measurements were classified according to two synoptic conditions, stagnant (STG) and long-range transport (LRT), and the nitrate-to-sulfate (N/S) ratio in both ground and upper layers was higher in the SMA for both cases. Meanwhile, organic aerosols reflected local emissions characteristics in only the STG case, indicating that this stagnant synoptic condition reflect local aerosol characteristics. The LRT case showed elevated peaks of all species at altitudes of 1.0–3.5 km, indicating the importance of LRT processes for predicting and diagnosing aerosol vertical distributions over Northeast Asia. Other chemical characteristics of aerosols in the two metropolitan areas were also compared.
format	article
author	Jong-Min Kim Hyo-Jung Lee Hyun-Young Jo Yu-Jin Jo Cheol-Hee Kim
author_facet	Jong-Min Kim Hyo-Jung Lee Hyun-Young Jo Yu-Jin Jo Cheol-Hee Kim
author_sort	Jong-Min Kim
title	Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
title_short	Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
title_full	Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
title_fullStr	Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
title_full_unstemmed	Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions
title_sort	vertical characteristics of secondary aerosols observed in the seoul and busan metropolitan areas of korea during korus-aq and associations with meteorological conditions
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/333e8f33c2b14775a897fa3630071a5e
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Vertical Characteristics of Secondary Aerosols Observed in the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Areas of Korea during KORUS-AQ and Associations with Meteorological Conditions

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