Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.

<h4>Background</h4>The parasite Giardia lamblia must remain attached to the host small intestine in order to proliferate and subsequently cause disease. However, little is known about the factors that may cause detachment in vivo, such as changes in the aqueous environment. Osmolality wi...

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Autores principales:	Wendy R Hansen, Daniel A Fletcher
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3381de4dd243463d9c3fef1354ec4673
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3381de4dd243463d9c3fef1354ec46732021-11-25T06:32:39ZTonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0000169https://doaj.org/article/3381de4dd243463d9c3fef1354ec46732008-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18270543/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>The parasite Giardia lamblia must remain attached to the host small intestine in order to proliferate and subsequently cause disease. However, little is known about the factors that may cause detachment in vivo, such as changes in the aqueous environment. Osmolality within the proximal small intestine can vary by nearly an order of magnitude between host fed and fasted states, while pH can vary by several orders of magnitude. Giardia cells are known to regulate their volume when exposed to changes in osmolality, but the short-timescale effects of osmolality and pH on parasite attachment are not known.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>We used a closed flow chamber assay to test the effects of rapid changes in media osmolality, tonicity, and pH on Giardia attachment to both glass and C2(Bbe)-1 intestinal cell monolayer surfaces. We found that Giardia detach from both surfaces in a tonicity-dependent manner, where tonicity is the effective osmolality experienced by the cell. Detachment occurs with a characteristic time constant of 25 seconds (SD = 10 sec, n = 17) in both hypo- and hypertonic media but is otherwise insensitive to physiologically relevant changes in media composition and pH. Interestingly, cells that remain attached are able to adapt to moderate changes in tonicity. By exposing cells to a timed pattern of tonicity variations and adjustment periods, we found that it is possible to maximize the tonicity change experienced by the cells, overcoming the adaptive response and resulting in extensive detachment.<h4>Conclusions and significance</h4>These results, conducted with human-infecting Giardia on human intestinal epithelial monolayers, highlight the ability of Giardia to adapt to the changing intestinal environment and suggest new possibilities for treatment of giardiasis by manipulation of tonicity in the intestinal lumen.Wendy R HansenDaniel A FletcherPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 2, Iss 2, p e169 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Wendy R Hansen Daniel A Fletcher Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The parasite Giardia lamblia must remain attached to the host small intestine in order to proliferate and subsequently cause disease. However, little is known about the factors that may cause detachment in vivo, such as changes in the aqueous environment. Osmolality within the proximal small intestine can vary by nearly an order of magnitude between host fed and fasted states, while pH can vary by several orders of magnitude. Giardia cells are known to regulate their volume when exposed to changes in osmolality, but the short-timescale effects of osmolality and pH on parasite attachment are not known.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>We used a closed flow chamber assay to test the effects of rapid changes in media osmolality, tonicity, and pH on Giardia attachment to both glass and C2(Bbe)-1 intestinal cell monolayer surfaces. We found that Giardia detach from both surfaces in a tonicity-dependent manner, where tonicity is the effective osmolality experienced by the cell. Detachment occurs with a characteristic time constant of 25 seconds (SD = 10 sec, n = 17) in both hypo- and hypertonic media but is otherwise insensitive to physiologically relevant changes in media composition and pH. Interestingly, cells that remain attached are able to adapt to moderate changes in tonicity. By exposing cells to a timed pattern of tonicity variations and adjustment periods, we found that it is possible to maximize the tonicity change experienced by the cells, overcoming the adaptive response and resulting in extensive detachment.<h4>Conclusions and significance</h4>These results, conducted with human-infecting Giardia on human intestinal epithelial monolayers, highlight the ability of Giardia to adapt to the changing intestinal environment and suggest new possibilities for treatment of giardiasis by manipulation of tonicity in the intestinal lumen.
format	article
author	Wendy R Hansen Daniel A Fletcher
author_facet	Wendy R Hansen Daniel A Fletcher
author_sort	Wendy R Hansen
title	Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
title_short	Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
title_full	Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
title_fullStr	Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
title_full_unstemmed	Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.
title_sort	tonic shock induces detachment of giardia lamblia.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/3381de4dd243463d9c3fef1354ec4673
work_keys_str_mv	AT wendyrhansen tonicshockinducesdetachmentofgiardialamblia AT danielafletcher tonicshockinducesdetachmentofgiardialamblia
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Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.

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