<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling

ABSTRACT Ebolaviruses Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. While the host response to EBOV is well characterized, less is known about BDBV infection. Moreover, immune signatures that mediate natural protection against all ebo...

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Autores principales:	Courtney Woolsey, Viktoriya Borisevich, Krystle N. Agans, Karla A. Fenton, Robert W. Cross, Thomas W. Geisbert
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2021
Materias:	coagulation Ebola virus filovirus immunology myeloid-derived suppressor cell nonhuman primate Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3420faa277124ce8974ad5738a4af8e5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3420faa277124ce8974ad5738a4af8e52021-11-10T18:37:51Z<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling10.1128/mBio.01517-212150-7511https://doaj.org/article/3420faa277124ce8974ad5738a4af8e52021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01517-21https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Ebolaviruses Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. While the host response to EBOV is well characterized, less is known about BDBV infection. Moreover, immune signatures that mediate natural protection against all ebolaviruses remain poorly defined. To explore these knowledge gaps, we transcriptionally profiled BDBV-infected rhesus macaques, a disease model that results in incomplete lethality. This approach enabled us to identify prognostic indicators. As expected, survival (∼60%) correlated with reduced clinical pathology and circulating infectious virus, although peak viral RNA loads were not significantly different between surviving and nonsurviving macaques. Survivors had higher anti-BDBV antibody titers and transcriptionally derived cytotoxic T cell-, memory B cell-, and plasma cell-type quantities, demonstrating activation of adaptive immunity. Conversely, a poor prognosis was associated with lack of an appropriate adaptive response, sustained innate immune signaling, and higher expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-related transcripts (S100A8, S100A9, CEBPB, PTGS2, CXCR1, and LILRA3). MDSCs are potent immunosuppressors of cellular and humoral immunity, and therefore, they represent a potential therapeutic target. Circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels were also elevated in nonsurvivors and in survivors exhibiting severe illness, emphasizing the importance of maintaining coagulation homeostasis to control disease progression. IMPORTANCE Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are ebolaviruses endemic to Africa that cause severe, often fatal hemorrhagic disease. BDBV is considered a less pathogenic ebolavirus due to its reduced lethality during human outbreaks, as well as in experimentally infected nonhuman primates. The reduced mortality of BDBV in NHP models, resulting in a pool of survivors, afforded us the unique opportunity of identifying immune correlates that confer protection against ebolaviruses. In this study, we discovered that the survival of BDBV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) was dependent on early development of adaptive (memory) immune responses and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-related signaling. MDSCs are a heterogenous group of immune cells implicated in a number of diseases that are powerful immunosuppressors of cellular and humoral immunity. Thus, MDSCs represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent ebolavirus disease. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link increased morbidity with recruitment of these potent immunosuppressive cells.Courtney WoolseyViktoriya BorisevichKrystle N. AgansKarla A. FentonRobert W. CrossThomas W. GeisbertAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticlecoagulationEbola virusfilovirusimmunologymyeloid-derived suppressor cellnonhuman primateMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 12, Iss 4 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coagulation Ebola virus filovirus immunology myeloid-derived suppressor cell nonhuman primate Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	coagulation Ebola virus filovirus immunology myeloid-derived suppressor cell nonhuman primate Microbiology QR1-502 Courtney Woolsey Viktoriya Borisevich Krystle N. Agans Karla A. Fenton Robert W. Cross Thomas W. Geisbert <italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
description	ABSTRACT Ebolaviruses Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. While the host response to EBOV is well characterized, less is known about BDBV infection. Moreover, immune signatures that mediate natural protection against all ebolaviruses remain poorly defined. To explore these knowledge gaps, we transcriptionally profiled BDBV-infected rhesus macaques, a disease model that results in incomplete lethality. This approach enabled us to identify prognostic indicators. As expected, survival (∼60%) correlated with reduced clinical pathology and circulating infectious virus, although peak viral RNA loads were not significantly different between surviving and nonsurviving macaques. Survivors had higher anti-BDBV antibody titers and transcriptionally derived cytotoxic T cell-, memory B cell-, and plasma cell-type quantities, demonstrating activation of adaptive immunity. Conversely, a poor prognosis was associated with lack of an appropriate adaptive response, sustained innate immune signaling, and higher expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-related transcripts (S100A8, S100A9, CEBPB, PTGS2, CXCR1, and LILRA3). MDSCs are potent immunosuppressors of cellular and humoral immunity, and therefore, they represent a potential therapeutic target. Circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels were also elevated in nonsurvivors and in survivors exhibiting severe illness, emphasizing the importance of maintaining coagulation homeostasis to control disease progression. IMPORTANCE Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are ebolaviruses endemic to Africa that cause severe, often fatal hemorrhagic disease. BDBV is considered a less pathogenic ebolavirus due to its reduced lethality during human outbreaks, as well as in experimentally infected nonhuman primates. The reduced mortality of BDBV in NHP models, resulting in a pool of survivors, afforded us the unique opportunity of identifying immune correlates that confer protection against ebolaviruses. In this study, we discovered that the survival of BDBV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) was dependent on early development of adaptive (memory) immune responses and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-related signaling. MDSCs are a heterogenous group of immune cells implicated in a number of diseases that are powerful immunosuppressors of cellular and humoral immunity. Thus, MDSCs represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent ebolavirus disease. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link increased morbidity with recruitment of these potent immunosuppressive cells.
format	article
author	Courtney Woolsey Viktoriya Borisevich Krystle N. Agans Karla A. Fenton Robert W. Cross Thomas W. Geisbert
author_facet	Courtney Woolsey Viktoriya Borisevich Krystle N. Agans Karla A. Fenton Robert W. Cross Thomas W. Geisbert
author_sort	Courtney Woolsey
title	<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
title_short	<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
title_full	<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
title_fullStr	<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
title_full_unstemmed	<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling
title_sort	<italic toggle="yes">bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> survival is associated with early activation of adaptive immunity and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell signaling
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3420faa277124ce8974ad5738a4af8e5
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<italic toggle="yes">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</italic> Survival Is Associated with Early Activation of Adaptive Immunity and Reduced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Signaling

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