The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill

Abstract Background Water treadmills are frequently used in the rehabilitation of dogs, for example with the purpose of re-building muscular strength after surgery. However, little is known about how different water depths and velocities affect the muscular workload during aquatic locomotion. This s...

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Autores principales:	Anne Désiré Vitger, Tanja Bruhn-Rasmussen, Eja Oppenlænder Pedersen, Lene Høeg Fuglsang-Damgaard, Adrian Paul Harrison
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Acoustic myography AMG Rehabilitation Canine Skeletal muscle Hydrotherapy Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/34859322cea048aa9ff0326b094e34cc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:34859322cea048aa9ff0326b094e34cc2021-11-28T12:29:22ZThe impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill10.1186/s13028-021-00612-z1751-0147https://doaj.org/article/34859322cea048aa9ff0326b094e34cc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-021-00612-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/1751-0147Abstract Background Water treadmills are frequently used in the rehabilitation of dogs, for example with the purpose of re-building muscular strength after surgery. However, little is known about how different water depths and velocities affect the muscular workload during aquatic locomotion. This study used acoustic myography to assess hind limb muscle fiber activation in 25 healthy large-breed dogs walking in a water treadmill. Acoustic myography sensors were attached to the skin over the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps and the biceps femoris muscles. The dogs walked at two velocities (30 and 50 m/min) and four water depths: bottom of the pads, hock, stifle and mid-femur. Acoustic myograph signals were analyzed for changes in three muscle function parameters: efficiency/coordination (E-score) and spatial (S-score) and temporal (T-score) summation. Results Differences between E, S, and T were statistically significant compared across different speeds (30, 50) and water levels (0, 1, 2, 3) using a one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (Tukey; Geisser-Greenhouse correction) as well as a two-tailed one sample t-test. At 50 m/min in water at the mid-femur, the biceps femoris was less efficient (P < 0.001) and recruited more fibers (P = 0.01) at a higher firing rate (P = 0.03) compared to working in shallower water, while the vastus lateralis was also less efficient (P < 0.01), but spatial and temporal summation did not change significantly. At 30 m/min, biceps efficiency was reduced (P < 0.01) when water was at the mid-femur compared to the bottom of the pads level. Walking in stifle- or hock-deep water did not show increased muscle activation for either muscle compared to walking in water at the bottom of the pads. Conclusion More muscle activation was required to walk in water at a depth at the level of the mid-femur compared to shallower water, and this exercise was more demanding for the biceps femoris, a muscle engaged in propulsion, than for vastus lateralis. These findings may help practitioners towards making more precise rehabilitation protocols.Anne Désiré VitgerTanja Bruhn-RasmussenEja Oppenlænder PedersenLene Høeg Fuglsang-DamgaardAdrian Paul HarrisonBMCarticleAcoustic myographyAMGRehabilitationCanineSkeletal muscleHydrotherapyVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENActa Veterinaria Scandinavica, Vol 63, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Acoustic myography AMG Rehabilitation Canine Skeletal muscle Hydrotherapy Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	Acoustic myography AMG Rehabilitation Canine Skeletal muscle Hydrotherapy Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Anne Désiré Vitger Tanja Bruhn-Rasmussen Eja Oppenlænder Pedersen Lene Høeg Fuglsang-Damgaard Adrian Paul Harrison The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
description	Abstract Background Water treadmills are frequently used in the rehabilitation of dogs, for example with the purpose of re-building muscular strength after surgery. However, little is known about how different water depths and velocities affect the muscular workload during aquatic locomotion. This study used acoustic myography to assess hind limb muscle fiber activation in 25 healthy large-breed dogs walking in a water treadmill. Acoustic myography sensors were attached to the skin over the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps and the biceps femoris muscles. The dogs walked at two velocities (30 and 50 m/min) and four water depths: bottom of the pads, hock, stifle and mid-femur. Acoustic myograph signals were analyzed for changes in three muscle function parameters: efficiency/coordination (E-score) and spatial (S-score) and temporal (T-score) summation. Results Differences between E, S, and T were statistically significant compared across different speeds (30, 50) and water levels (0, 1, 2, 3) using a one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (Tukey; Geisser-Greenhouse correction) as well as a two-tailed one sample t-test. At 50 m/min in water at the mid-femur, the biceps femoris was less efficient (P < 0.001) and recruited more fibers (P = 0.01) at a higher firing rate (P = 0.03) compared to working in shallower water, while the vastus lateralis was also less efficient (P < 0.01), but spatial and temporal summation did not change significantly. At 30 m/min, biceps efficiency was reduced (P < 0.01) when water was at the mid-femur compared to the bottom of the pads level. Walking in stifle- or hock-deep water did not show increased muscle activation for either muscle compared to walking in water at the bottom of the pads. Conclusion More muscle activation was required to walk in water at a depth at the level of the mid-femur compared to shallower water, and this exercise was more demanding for the biceps femoris, a muscle engaged in propulsion, than for vastus lateralis. These findings may help practitioners towards making more precise rehabilitation protocols.
format	article
author	Anne Désiré Vitger Tanja Bruhn-Rasmussen Eja Oppenlænder Pedersen Lene Høeg Fuglsang-Damgaard Adrian Paul Harrison
author_facet	Anne Désiré Vitger Tanja Bruhn-Rasmussen Eja Oppenlænder Pedersen Lene Høeg Fuglsang-Damgaard Adrian Paul Harrison
author_sort	Anne Désiré Vitger
title	The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
title_short	The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
title_full	The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
title_fullStr	The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
title_full_unstemmed	The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
title_sort	impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/34859322cea048aa9ff0326b094e34cc
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The impact of water depth and speed on muscle fiber activation of healthy dogs walking in a water treadmill

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