Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos

Over the past twenty years, the prescription of antidepressant drugs has increased all over the world. After their application, antidepressants, like other pharmaceuticals, are excreted and enter the aquatic environment. They are dispersed among surface waters mainly through waste water sources, typ...

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Autores principales:	Jana Blahova, Veronika Doubkova, Lucie Plhalova, Pavla Lakdawala, Denisa Medkova, Vladimir Vecerek, Zdenka Svobodova, Caterina Faggio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	antidepressant early-life stages mortality hatching lethal and sublethal endpoints Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/34da21f799ef4ea382492c841e3ee5a3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:34da21f799ef4ea382492c841e3ee5a32021-11-11T15:05:51ZEmbryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos10.3390/app1121100152076-3417https://doaj.org/article/34da21f799ef4ea382492c841e3ee5a32021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10015https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Over the past twenty years, the prescription of antidepressant drugs has increased all over the world. After their application, antidepressants, like other pharmaceuticals, are excreted and enter the aquatic environment. They are dispersed among surface waters mainly through waste water sources, typically at very low concentrations— from a tenth up to hundreds of ng/L. Frequently detected antidepressants include fluoxetine and citalopram—both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The aim of our study was to assess the embryotoxicity of fluoxetine hydrochloride and citalopram hydrochloride on the early life stages of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and the African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>). The embryos were exposed to various concentrations of the individual antidepressants and of their mixtures for 96 h. The tested levels included both environmentally relevant and higher concentrations for the evaluation of dose-dependent effects. Our study demonstrated that even environmentally relevant concentrations of these psychiatric drugs influenced zebrafish embryos, which was proven by a significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the embryos’ heart rates after fluoxetine hydrochloride exposure and in their hatching rate after exposure to a combination of both antidepressants, and thus revealed a potential risk to aquatic life. Despite these results, we can conclude that the African clawed frog is more sensitive, since exposure to the highest concentrations of fluoxetine hydrochloride (10,000 μg/L) and citalopram hydrochloride (100,000 μg/L) resulted in total mortality of the frog embryos.Jana BlahovaVeronika DoubkovaLucie PlhalovaPavla LakdawalaDenisa MedkovaVladimir VecerekZdenka SvobodovaCaterina FaggioMDPI AGarticleantidepressantearly-life stagesmortalityhatchinglethal and sublethal endpointsTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10015, p 10015 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antidepressant early-life stages mortality hatching lethal and sublethal endpoints Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	antidepressant early-life stages mortality hatching lethal and sublethal endpoints Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Jana Blahova Veronika Doubkova Lucie Plhalova Pavla Lakdawala Denisa Medkova Vladimir Vecerek Zdenka Svobodova Caterina Faggio Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
description	Over the past twenty years, the prescription of antidepressant drugs has increased all over the world. After their application, antidepressants, like other pharmaceuticals, are excreted and enter the aquatic environment. They are dispersed among surface waters mainly through waste water sources, typically at very low concentrations— from a tenth up to hundreds of ng/L. Frequently detected antidepressants include fluoxetine and citalopram—both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The aim of our study was to assess the embryotoxicity of fluoxetine hydrochloride and citalopram hydrochloride on the early life stages of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and the African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>). The embryos were exposed to various concentrations of the individual antidepressants and of their mixtures for 96 h. The tested levels included both environmentally relevant and higher concentrations for the evaluation of dose-dependent effects. Our study demonstrated that even environmentally relevant concentrations of these psychiatric drugs influenced zebrafish embryos, which was proven by a significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the embryos’ heart rates after fluoxetine hydrochloride exposure and in their hatching rate after exposure to a combination of both antidepressants, and thus revealed a potential risk to aquatic life. Despite these results, we can conclude that the African clawed frog is more sensitive, since exposure to the highest concentrations of fluoxetine hydrochloride (10,000 μg/L) and citalopram hydrochloride (100,000 μg/L) resulted in total mortality of the frog embryos.
format	article
author	Jana Blahova Veronika Doubkova Lucie Plhalova Pavla Lakdawala Denisa Medkova Vladimir Vecerek Zdenka Svobodova Caterina Faggio
author_facet	Jana Blahova Veronika Doubkova Lucie Plhalova Pavla Lakdawala Denisa Medkova Vladimir Vecerek Zdenka Svobodova Caterina Faggio
author_sort	Jana Blahova
title	Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
title_short	Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
title_full	Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
title_fullStr	Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
title_full_unstemmed	Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos
title_sort	embryotoxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—comparative sensitivity of zebrafish (<i>danio rerio</i>) and african clawed frog (<i>xenopus laevis</i>) embryos
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/34da21f799ef4ea382492c841e3ee5a3
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Embryotoxicity of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors—Comparative Sensitivity of Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and African Clawed Frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Embryos

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