Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnos...

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Autores principales:	Malin Indremo, Richard White, Thomas Frisell, Sven Cnattingius, Alkistis Skalkidou, Johan Isaksson, Fotios C. Papadopoulos
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/353a3568e4604258a3348f5865caceab
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:353a3568e4604258a3348f5865caceab2021-12-02T18:50:51ZValidity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study10.1038/s41598-021-95421-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/353a3568e4604258a3348f5865caceab2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95421-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.Malin IndremoRichard WhiteThomas FrisellSven CnattingiusAlkistis SkalkidouJohan IsakssonFotios C. PapadopoulosNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Malin Indremo Richard White Thomas Frisell Sven Cnattingius Alkistis Skalkidou Johan Isaksson Fotios C. Papadopoulos Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
description	Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.
format	article
author	Malin Indremo Richard White Thomas Frisell Sven Cnattingius Alkistis Skalkidou Johan Isaksson Fotios C. Papadopoulos
author_facet	Malin Indremo Richard White Thomas Frisell Sven Cnattingius Alkistis Skalkidou Johan Isaksson Fotios C. Papadopoulos
author_sort	Malin Indremo
title	Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
title_short	Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
title_full	Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
title_fullStr	Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
title_full_unstemmed	Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study
title_sort	validity of the gender dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in sweden: a nationwide register study
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/353a3568e4604258a3348f5865caceab
work_keys_str_mv	AT malinindremo validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT richardwhite validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT thomasfrisell validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT svencnattingius validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT alkistisskalkidou validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT johanisaksson validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy AT fotioscpapadopoulos validityofthegenderdysphoriadiagnosisandincidencetrendsinswedenanationwideregisterstudy
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Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

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