Effects of Imazapyr on Spartina alterniflora and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland

The invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) has caused serious damage to coastal wetland ecosystems in China, especially the mangrove wetlands in South China. This study aimed to validate the effect of imazapyr on S. alterniflora a...

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Autores principales:	Xue Mo, Panpan Dong, Lumeng Xie, Yujiao Xiu, Yanqi Wang, Bo Wu, Jiakai Liu, Xiuhua Song, Mingxiang Zhang, Zhenming Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	imazapyr mangrove wetland soil bacterial diversity and community structure soil physicochemical properties <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3541a88835a64683bb02e5163a0bc0b3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3541a88835a64683bb02e5163a0bc0b32021-11-25T19:16:18ZEffects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland10.3390/w132232772073-4441https://doaj.org/article/3541a88835a64683bb02e5163a0bc0b32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3277https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441The invasion of <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> (<i>S. alterniflora</i>) has caused serious damage to coastal wetland ecosystems in China, especially the mangrove wetlands in South China. This study aimed to validate the effect of imazapyr on <i>S. alterniflora</i> and soil. The controlled experiment was conducted in May 2021 at the Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Wetland Reserve. In the experiment, 25% (W) imazapyr was used, and six treatments were set up: 3035, 6070, and 9105 mL/acre 25% imazapyr and 1299, 2604, and 5202 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr. The results showed no side effects on mangrove plants in the spraying area. The highest control efficiency (95.9%) was given by 2604 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr. The residues of imazapyr in different soils were reduced to 0.10–0.59 mg/kg. The sequencing results showed no significant difference in the overall bacterial communities under different treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The soil bacterial diversity in the samples with adjuvant was higher than that in the samples without adjuvant, while the abundance values were the opposite. There were 10 main communities (>0.3%) at phylum level in all soil samples, among which Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloflexi, and Actinobacteria were the dominant communities, and the latter four’s abundance changed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There were significant abundance differences between the groups of oligotrophic and eutrophic bacteria. The redundancy analysis and Monte Carlo tests showed that the total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonia nitrogen, and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting soil bacterial diversity. At the same time, TOC, AP, and TP were the most critical factors affecting the overall characteristics of soil bacterial communities in different treatments, while soil residues had no significant effect on bacteria. This might be due to the addition and degradation of imazapyr and the coverage of <i>S. alterniflora</i>. The best recommendation is 2604 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr to be applied in China’s mangrove wetland reserves and coastal wetlands.Xue MoPanpan DongLumeng XieYujiao XiuYanqi WangBo WuJiakai LiuXiuhua SongMingxiang ZhangZhenming ZhangMDPI AGarticleimazapyrmangrove wetlandsoil bacterial diversity and community structuresoil physicochemical properties<i>Spartina alterniflora</i>Hydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3277, p 3277 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	imazapyr mangrove wetland soil bacterial diversity and community structure soil physicochemical properties <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	imazapyr mangrove wetland soil bacterial diversity and community structure soil physicochemical properties <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Xue Mo Panpan Dong Lumeng Xie Yujiao Xiu Yanqi Wang Bo Wu Jiakai Liu Xiuhua Song Mingxiang Zhang Zhenming Zhang Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
description	The invasion of <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> (<i>S. alterniflora</i>) has caused serious damage to coastal wetland ecosystems in China, especially the mangrove wetlands in South China. This study aimed to validate the effect of imazapyr on <i>S. alterniflora</i> and soil. The controlled experiment was conducted in May 2021 at the Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Wetland Reserve. In the experiment, 25% (W) imazapyr was used, and six treatments were set up: 3035, 6070, and 9105 mL/acre 25% imazapyr and 1299, 2604, and 5202 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr. The results showed no side effects on mangrove plants in the spraying area. The highest control efficiency (95.9%) was given by 2604 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr. The residues of imazapyr in different soils were reduced to 0.10–0.59 mg/kg. The sequencing results showed no significant difference in the overall bacterial communities under different treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The soil bacterial diversity in the samples with adjuvant was higher than that in the samples without adjuvant, while the abundance values were the opposite. There were 10 main communities (>0.3%) at phylum level in all soil samples, among which Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloflexi, and Actinobacteria were the dominant communities, and the latter four’s abundance changed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There were significant abundance differences between the groups of oligotrophic and eutrophic bacteria. The redundancy analysis and Monte Carlo tests showed that the total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonia nitrogen, and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting soil bacterial diversity. At the same time, TOC, AP, and TP were the most critical factors affecting the overall characteristics of soil bacterial communities in different treatments, while soil residues had no significant effect on bacteria. This might be due to the addition and degradation of imazapyr and the coverage of <i>S. alterniflora</i>. The best recommendation is 2604 mL/acre of AGE 809 + 6070 mL/acre 25% imazapyr to be applied in China’s mangrove wetland reserves and coastal wetlands.
format	article
author	Xue Mo Panpan Dong Lumeng Xie Yujiao Xiu Yanqi Wang Bo Wu Jiakai Liu Xiuhua Song Mingxiang Zhang Zhenming Zhang
author_facet	Xue Mo Panpan Dong Lumeng Xie Yujiao Xiu Yanqi Wang Bo Wu Jiakai Liu Xiuhua Song Mingxiang Zhang Zhenming Zhang
author_sort	Xue Mo
title	Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
title_short	Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
title_full	Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
title_fullStr	Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland
title_sort	effects of imazapyr on <i>spartina alterniflora</i> and soil bacterial communities in a mangrove wetland
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3541a88835a64683bb02e5163a0bc0b3
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Effects of Imazapyr on <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Soil Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland

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