KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis cells form multicellular biofilm communities in which spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression occurs, leading to differentiation of multiple coexisting cell types. These cell types include matrix-producing and sporulating cells. Extracellular matrix production and spo...

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Autores principales:	Claudio Aguilar, Hera Vlamakis, Alejandra Guzman, Richard Losick, Roberto Kolter
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2010
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/35cc3bb9be44471ea71b29491326a7fb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:35cc3bb9be44471ea71b29491326a7fb2021-11-15T15:38:14ZKinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms10.1128/mBio.00035-102150-7511https://doaj.org/article/35cc3bb9be44471ea71b29491326a7fb2010-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00035-10https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis cells form multicellular biofilm communities in which spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression occurs, leading to differentiation of multiple coexisting cell types. These cell types include matrix-producing and sporulating cells. Extracellular matrix production and sporulation are linked in that a mutant unable to produce matrix is delayed for sporulation. Here, we show that the delay in sporulation is not due to a growth advantage of the matrix-deficient mutant under these conditions. Instead, we show that the link between matrix production and sporulation is through the Spo0A signaling pathway. Both processes are regulated by the phosphorylated form of the master transcriptional regulator Spo0A. When cells have low levels of phosphorylated Spo0A (Spo0A~P), matrix genes are expressed; however, at higher levels of Spo0A~P, sporulation commences. We have found that Spo0A~P levels are maintained at low levels in the matrix-deficient mutant, thereby delaying expression of sporulation-specific genes. This is due to the activity of one of the components of the Spo0A phosphotransfer network, KinD. A deletion of kinD suppresses the sporulation defect of matrix mutants, while its overproduction delays sporulation. Our data indicate that KinD displays a dual role as a phosphatase or a kinase and that its activity is linked to the presence of extracellular matrix in the biofilms. We propose a novel role for KinD in biofilms as a checkpoint protein that regulates the onset of sporulation by inhibiting the activity of Spo0A until matrix, or a component therein, is sensed. IMPORTANCE A question in the field of biofilm development has remained virtually unaddressed: how do the biofilm cells sense the completion of the synthesis of extracellular matrix? The presence of an extracellular matrix that holds the cells together is a defining feature of biofilms. How cells sense that matrix has been assembled and how this signal is transduced have not been investigated. Bacillus subtilis provides an excellent system in which to address this question, as the molecular pathways involved in regulation of differentiation are well characterized. We provide the first evidence for a protein that senses the presence of matrix. We identify a membrane sensor histidine kinase, KinD, that alters its activity, depending on the presence or absence of the extracellular matrix. This activity feeds back to the master regulator Spo0A to regulate expression of genes involved in producing matrix and genes necessary for the progression into sporulation.Claudio AguilarHera VlamakisAlejandra GuzmanRichard LosickRoberto KolterAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 1, Iss 1 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Claudio Aguilar Hera Vlamakis Alejandra Guzman Richard Losick Roberto Kolter KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
description	ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis cells form multicellular biofilm communities in which spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression occurs, leading to differentiation of multiple coexisting cell types. These cell types include matrix-producing and sporulating cells. Extracellular matrix production and sporulation are linked in that a mutant unable to produce matrix is delayed for sporulation. Here, we show that the delay in sporulation is not due to a growth advantage of the matrix-deficient mutant under these conditions. Instead, we show that the link between matrix production and sporulation is through the Spo0A signaling pathway. Both processes are regulated by the phosphorylated form of the master transcriptional regulator Spo0A. When cells have low levels of phosphorylated Spo0A (Spo0A~P), matrix genes are expressed; however, at higher levels of Spo0A~P, sporulation commences. We have found that Spo0A~P levels are maintained at low levels in the matrix-deficient mutant, thereby delaying expression of sporulation-specific genes. This is due to the activity of one of the components of the Spo0A phosphotransfer network, KinD. A deletion of kinD suppresses the sporulation defect of matrix mutants, while its overproduction delays sporulation. Our data indicate that KinD displays a dual role as a phosphatase or a kinase and that its activity is linked to the presence of extracellular matrix in the biofilms. We propose a novel role for KinD in biofilms as a checkpoint protein that regulates the onset of sporulation by inhibiting the activity of Spo0A until matrix, or a component therein, is sensed. IMPORTANCE A question in the field of biofilm development has remained virtually unaddressed: how do the biofilm cells sense the completion of the synthesis of extracellular matrix? The presence of an extracellular matrix that holds the cells together is a defining feature of biofilms. How cells sense that matrix has been assembled and how this signal is transduced have not been investigated. Bacillus subtilis provides an excellent system in which to address this question, as the molecular pathways involved in regulation of differentiation are well characterized. We provide the first evidence for a protein that senses the presence of matrix. We identify a membrane sensor histidine kinase, KinD, that alters its activity, depending on the presence or absence of the extracellular matrix. This activity feeds back to the master regulator Spo0A to regulate expression of genes involved in producing matrix and genes necessary for the progression into sporulation.
format	article
author	Claudio Aguilar Hera Vlamakis Alejandra Guzman Richard Losick Roberto Kolter
author_facet	Claudio Aguilar Hera Vlamakis Alejandra Guzman Richard Losick Roberto Kolter
author_sort	Claudio Aguilar
title	KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
title_short	KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
title_full	KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
title_fullStr	KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
title_full_unstemmed	KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms
title_sort	kind is a checkpoint protein linking spore formation to extracellular-matrix production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">bacillus subtilis</named-content> biofilms
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/35cc3bb9be44471ea71b29491326a7fb
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KinD Is a Checkpoint Protein Linking Spore Formation to Extracellular-Matrix Production in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus subtilis</named-content> Biofilms

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