The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections

Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The <i>Xenopus laevis</i> frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog mac...

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Autores principales:	Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey, Amulya Yaparla, Kelsey A. Hauser, Tyler E. Moore, Leon Grayfer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	amphibian ranavirus intestine myeloid cells interferons Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/35dadeddd7ed4ca6a1007acdd3cafb63
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:35dadeddd7ed4ca6a1007acdd3cafb632021-11-25T19:14:19ZThe Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections10.3390/v131122991999-4915https://doaj.org/article/35dadeddd7ed4ca6a1007acdd3cafb632021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2299https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The <i>Xenopus laevis</i> frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen. In turn, MΦ differentiation and functionality depend on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by CSF-1 and iterleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Our past work indicated that <i>X. laevis</i> CSF-1 and IL-34 give rise to morphologically and functionally distinct frog MΦ subsets, and that these CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs respectively confer susceptibility and antiviral resistance to FV3. Because FV3 targets the frog kidneys and establishes chronic infections therein, presently we examined the roles of the frog CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs in seeding and maintaining these chronic kidney infections. Our findings indicate that the frog CSF-1-MΦs result in more prominent kidney FV3 infections, which develop into greater reservoirs of lingering FV3 marked by infiltrating leukocytes, fibrosis, and overall immunosuppressive states. Moreover, the antiviral effects of IL-34-MΦs are short-lived and are lost as FV3 infections progress.Muhammad Riadul Haque HossaineyAmulya YaparlaKelsey A. HauserTyler E. MooreLeon GrayferMDPI AGarticleamphibianranavirusintestinemyeloid cellsinterferonsMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2299, p 2299 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	amphibian ranavirus intestine myeloid cells interferons Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	amphibian ranavirus intestine myeloid cells interferons Microbiology QR1-502 Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey Amulya Yaparla Kelsey A. Hauser Tyler E. Moore Leon Grayfer The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
description	Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The <i>Xenopus laevis</i> frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen. In turn, MΦ differentiation and functionality depend on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by CSF-1 and iterleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Our past work indicated that <i>X. laevis</i> CSF-1 and IL-34 give rise to morphologically and functionally distinct frog MΦ subsets, and that these CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs respectively confer susceptibility and antiviral resistance to FV3. Because FV3 targets the frog kidneys and establishes chronic infections therein, presently we examined the roles of the frog CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs in seeding and maintaining these chronic kidney infections. Our findings indicate that the frog CSF-1-MΦs result in more prominent kidney FV3 infections, which develop into greater reservoirs of lingering FV3 marked by infiltrating leukocytes, fibrosis, and overall immunosuppressive states. Moreover, the antiviral effects of IL-34-MΦs are short-lived and are lost as FV3 infections progress.
format	article
author	Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey Amulya Yaparla Kelsey A. Hauser Tyler E. Moore Leon Grayfer
author_facet	Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey Amulya Yaparla Kelsey A. Hauser Tyler E. Moore Leon Grayfer
author_sort	Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey
title	The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_short	The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_full	The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_fullStr	The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_full_unstemmed	The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_sort	roles of amphibian (<i>xenopus laevis</i>) macrophages during chronic frog virus 3 infections
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/35dadeddd7ed4ca6a1007acdd3cafb63
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The Roles of Amphibian (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections

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