Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also thr...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:36115efa67904317bff75829bb5bce942021-11-11T10:23:10ZHeparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression2234-943X10.3389/fonc.2021.778752https://doaj.org/article/36115efa67904317bff75829bb5bce942021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.778752/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2234-943XHeparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients’ stratification and cancer treatment.Catarina MarquesCatarina MarquesCatarina MarquesCelso A. ReisCelso A. ReisCelso A. ReisCelso A. ReisRomain R. VivèsAna MagalhãesAna MagalhãesAna MagalhãesFrontiers Media S.A.articlecancercell signallingglycosyltransferasesglycosaminoglycanheparan sulfateheparan sulfate binding epitopesNeoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENFrontiers in Oncology, Vol 11 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
cancer cell signalling glycosyltransferases glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate heparan sulfate binding epitopes Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 |
| spellingShingle |
cancer cell signalling glycosyltransferases glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate heparan sulfate binding epitopes Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Romain R. Vivès Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| description |
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients’ stratification and cancer treatment. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Romain R. Vivès Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães |
| author_facet |
Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Catarina Marques Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Celso A. Reis Romain R. Vivès Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães Ana Magalhães |
| author_sort |
Catarina Marques |
| title |
Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| title_short |
Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| title_full |
Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| title_fullStr |
Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression |
| title_sort |
heparan sulfate biosynthesis and sulfation profiles as modulators of cancer signalling and progression |
| publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/36115efa67904317bff75829bb5bce94 |
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