Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail

The impact of hiking in forested areas is one of the main factors affecting the condition of tree growth along hiking trails. Trampling causes common exposure of roots and quantification of the human impact on root radial growth and wood anatomy requires careful assessment. To accurately identify th...

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Autores principales:	P. Matulewski, A. Buchwal, A. Zielonka, D. Wrońska-Wałach, K. Čufar, H. Gärtner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Tree roots Cross-dating Root exposure Pinus sylvestris L. Human impact Wood anatomy Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/36116f8f6ddd4e369762fa57c6803475
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:36116f8f6ddd4e369762fa57c68034752021-12-01T04:34:53ZTrampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107095https://doaj.org/article/36116f8f6ddd4e369762fa57c68034752021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X20310347https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XThe impact of hiking in forested areas is one of the main factors affecting the condition of tree growth along hiking trails. Trampling causes common exposure of roots and quantification of the human impact on root radial growth and wood anatomy requires careful assessment. To accurately identify the radial growth changes in Pinus sylvestris roots, we conducted a stepwise cross-dating using trampled roots from a hiking trail and reference roots. Such approach was previously not applied in a lowland area. In addition, we investigated the factors that influence the root-stem radial growth coherency, including soil properties, root and trail morphology. Changes in radial growth and wood anatomy were examined in three parts of the root system: buried, transition and trampling zone. The radial growth for each root zone was compared with corresponding stem and reference root and stem chronology. In total, we investigated 204 roots and 97 tree stems for the common period 1970–2015. Missing rings were found to be a common phenomenon in all root zones, except in the exposed lateral roots in the trampling zone. The highest number of wedging and missing rings was observed in the trampling and transition zones, respectively. The total number of wedging rings increased with an increasing distance from the stem. The events of root exposure in the trampling zone were highly coupled with the formation of scars (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and pronounced resin ducts (PRDs) (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). The majority of the wood anatomical changes (i.e., 84% of scars and 85% of PRDs) were identified in the trampling zone. The highest degree of correlation between raw stem chronology and raw root chronology was found for the exposed trampled roots (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). In the trampling zone, the root-stem radial growth coherency was determined primarily by root type (77.3%) and root age (17.4%), whereas in the buried zone, by the soil organic matter content (55.4%) and soil compaction (39.7%). It has been proved that the record of radial growth and wood anatomy changes in Scots pine roots serve as a valuable ecological archive of trampling impact with high temporal resolution.P. MatulewskiA. BuchwalA. ZielonkaD. Wrońska-WałachK. ČufarH. GärtnerElsevierarticleTree rootsCross-datingRoot exposurePinus sylvestris L.Human impactWood anatomyEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 121, Iss , Pp 107095- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Tree roots Cross-dating Root exposure Pinus sylvestris L. Human impact Wood anatomy Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Tree roots Cross-dating Root exposure Pinus sylvestris L. Human impact Wood anatomy Ecology QH540-549.5 P. Matulewski A. Buchwal A. Zielonka D. Wrońska-Wałach K. Čufar H. Gärtner Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
description	The impact of hiking in forested areas is one of the main factors affecting the condition of tree growth along hiking trails. Trampling causes common exposure of roots and quantification of the human impact on root radial growth and wood anatomy requires careful assessment. To accurately identify the radial growth changes in Pinus sylvestris roots, we conducted a stepwise cross-dating using trampled roots from a hiking trail and reference roots. Such approach was previously not applied in a lowland area. In addition, we investigated the factors that influence the root-stem radial growth coherency, including soil properties, root and trail morphology. Changes in radial growth and wood anatomy were examined in three parts of the root system: buried, transition and trampling zone. The radial growth for each root zone was compared with corresponding stem and reference root and stem chronology. In total, we investigated 204 roots and 97 tree stems for the common period 1970–2015. Missing rings were found to be a common phenomenon in all root zones, except in the exposed lateral roots in the trampling zone. The highest number of wedging and missing rings was observed in the trampling and transition zones, respectively. The total number of wedging rings increased with an increasing distance from the stem. The events of root exposure in the trampling zone were highly coupled with the formation of scars (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and pronounced resin ducts (PRDs) (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). The majority of the wood anatomical changes (i.e., 84% of scars and 85% of PRDs) were identified in the trampling zone. The highest degree of correlation between raw stem chronology and raw root chronology was found for the exposed trampled roots (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). In the trampling zone, the root-stem radial growth coherency was determined primarily by root type (77.3%) and root age (17.4%), whereas in the buried zone, by the soil organic matter content (55.4%) and soil compaction (39.7%). It has been proved that the record of radial growth and wood anatomy changes in Scots pine roots serve as a valuable ecological archive of trampling impact with high temporal resolution.
format	article
author	P. Matulewski A. Buchwal A. Zielonka D. Wrońska-Wałach K. Čufar H. Gärtner
author_facet	P. Matulewski A. Buchwal A. Zielonka D. Wrońska-Wałach K. Čufar H. Gärtner
author_sort	P. Matulewski
title	Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
title_short	Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
title_full	Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
title_fullStr	Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
title_full_unstemmed	Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail
title_sort	trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) roots on a hiking trail
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/36116f8f6ddd4e369762fa57c6803475
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Trampling as a major ecological factor affecting the radial growth and wood anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) roots on a hiking trail

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