One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Appropriate glasses can improve visual functioning of children with Down syndrome (DS), but it is unknown if such interventions influence their cognitive impairments. In a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Children with DS (2–16 years) were provided either bifocal glasses (...

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Autores principales:	Christine de Weger, F. Nienke Boonstra, Jeroen Goossens
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/36225ac153f24508ace23bb9134f730d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:36225ac153f24508ace23bb9134f730d2021-12-02T16:45:47ZOne-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial10.1038/s41598-021-96308-52045-2322https://doaj.org/article/36225ac153f24508ace23bb9134f730d2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96308-5https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Appropriate glasses can improve visual functioning of children with Down syndrome (DS), but it is unknown if such interventions influence their cognitive impairments. In a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Children with DS (2–16 years) were provided either bifocal glasses (add +2.5 Dioptres; n = 50) or unifocal glasses (n = 52). Executive functions were assessed pre- and post-intervention with the task-based Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS) and with questionnaires, BRIEF-P and BRIEF, parents’ and teachers’ version. Intervention effects and associations between executive functions, (near) vision and ocular alignment were analysed. Intervention improved MEFS-Total-scores in the bifocal group (p = 0.002; Cohen’s d = 0.60) but not in the unifocal group (p = 0.191; Cohen’s d = 0.24). Post-intervention, there was no intergroup difference (p = 0.120; Cohen’s d = 0.34). Post-intervention, higher MEFS-scores were associated with better visual acuities (crowded near p = 0.025; uncrowded near p = 0.019; distant p = 0.045). Pre-post changes in MEFS-scores correlated significantly with improved ocular alignment (p = 0.040). Exploratory analysis of the questionnaires showed improved teacher-rated BRIEF-scores in both groups (bifocals: p = 0.014, Cohen’s d = 1.91; unifocals: p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = 1.46), with no intergroup difference (p = 0.594; Cohen’s d = 0.23). These results demonstrate positive effects of wearing better-correcting glasses on executive functioning in children with DS, suggesting a link between their visual and executive functioning. However, the relative contributions of distant and near vision need further study.Christine de WegerF. Nienke BoonstraJeroen GoossensNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Christine de Weger F. Nienke Boonstra Jeroen Goossens One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
description	Abstract Appropriate glasses can improve visual functioning of children with Down syndrome (DS), but it is unknown if such interventions influence their cognitive impairments. In a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Children with DS (2–16 years) were provided either bifocal glasses (add +2.5 Dioptres; n = 50) or unifocal glasses (n = 52). Executive functions were assessed pre- and post-intervention with the task-based Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS) and with questionnaires, BRIEF-P and BRIEF, parents’ and teachers’ version. Intervention effects and associations between executive functions, (near) vision and ocular alignment were analysed. Intervention improved MEFS-Total-scores in the bifocal group (p = 0.002; Cohen’s d = 0.60) but not in the unifocal group (p = 0.191; Cohen’s d = 0.24). Post-intervention, there was no intergroup difference (p = 0.120; Cohen’s d = 0.34). Post-intervention, higher MEFS-scores were associated with better visual acuities (crowded near p = 0.025; uncrowded near p = 0.019; distant p = 0.045). Pre-post changes in MEFS-scores correlated significantly with improved ocular alignment (p = 0.040). Exploratory analysis of the questionnaires showed improved teacher-rated BRIEF-scores in both groups (bifocals: p = 0.014, Cohen’s d = 1.91; unifocals: p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = 1.46), with no intergroup difference (p = 0.594; Cohen’s d = 0.23). These results demonstrate positive effects of wearing better-correcting glasses on executive functioning in children with DS, suggesting a link between their visual and executive functioning. However, the relative contributions of distant and near vision need further study.
format	article
author	Christine de Weger F. Nienke Boonstra Jeroen Goossens
author_facet	Christine de Weger F. Nienke Boonstra Jeroen Goossens
author_sort	Christine de Weger
title	One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
title_short	One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
title_full	One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
title_fullStr	One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
title_full_unstemmed	One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
title_sort	one-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/36225ac153f24508ace23bb9134f730d
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One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial

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