Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins

The research undertaken in this work is one of the examples of the engineering of modern polymer materials. This manuscript presents studies on the gelation process which might occur during the synthesis of epoxy resin using the modified vegetable oil via the epoxy fusion process conducted in bulk....

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Autores principales:	Anna Sienkiewicz, Piotr Czub
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	modified soybean oil vegetable oil modification epoxy resin epoxy fusion process gelation curing Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/36a72755f89a44aeb7b66b4663a7233b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:36a72755f89a44aeb7b66b4663a7233b2021-11-25T18:13:25ZRheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins10.3390/ma142267701996-1944https://doaj.org/article/36a72755f89a44aeb7b66b4663a7233b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/22/6770https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1944The research undertaken in this work is one of the examples of the engineering of modern polymer materials. This manuscript presents studies on the gelation process which might occur during the synthesis of epoxy resin using the modified vegetable oil via the epoxy fusion process conducted in bulk. Based on obtained results we determined rheological parameters related to the properties of reacting mixture during the polyaddition process, especially before and after occurring the phenomenon of gelation (via (1) theoretical determination of the gel point using the degree of conversion of reactants before occurring the gelation process of reacting mixture and (2) experimentally—the dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, G′; loss modulus, G″; and loss tangent, tg δ). Theoretical investigations show that for both systems: epoxidized soybean oil and bisphenol A (ESBO_BPA), as well as the hydroxylated soybean oil and low molecular weight epoxy resin (SMEG_EPR), theoretical values of the degree of conversion at the gel point are characterized by similar values (ESBO_BPA: <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.620, <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.620 and SMEG_EPR: <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.614, <i>x<sub>gel-experiment</sub></i> = 0.630, respectively), while the one determined based on the initial assumptions are greater than the above-mentioned (ESBO_BPA: <i>x<sub>gel-assumed</sub></i> = 0.696 and SMEG_EPR: <i>x<sub>gel-assumed</sub></i> = 0.667). Moreover, experimental studies in the viscoelastic fluid stage showed that the SMEG_EPR system is characterized by lower values of G′ and G″, which indicates lower elasticity and lower viscosity than the epoxidized derivative. It was found that alike during the conventional polyaddition reaction, both systems initially are homogeneous liquids of increasing viscosity. Wherein gradual increase in viscosity of the reaction mixture is related to the fusion of oligomer molecules and the formation of higher molecular weight products. In the critical stage of the process, known as the gelation point, the reaction mixture converts into the solid form, containing an insoluble cross-linked polymer.Anna SienkiewiczPiotr CzubMDPI AGarticlemodified soybean oilvegetable oil modificationepoxy resinepoxy fusion processgelationcuringTechnologyTElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040MicroscopyQH201-278.5Descriptive and experimental mechanicsQC120-168.85ENMaterials, Vol 14, Iss 6770, p 6770 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	modified soybean oil vegetable oil modification epoxy resin epoxy fusion process gelation curing Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
spellingShingle	modified soybean oil vegetable oil modification epoxy resin epoxy fusion process gelation curing Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85 Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
description	The research undertaken in this work is one of the examples of the engineering of modern polymer materials. This manuscript presents studies on the gelation process which might occur during the synthesis of epoxy resin using the modified vegetable oil via the epoxy fusion process conducted in bulk. Based on obtained results we determined rheological parameters related to the properties of reacting mixture during the polyaddition process, especially before and after occurring the phenomenon of gelation (via (1) theoretical determination of the gel point using the degree of conversion of reactants before occurring the gelation process of reacting mixture and (2) experimentally—the dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, G′; loss modulus, G″; and loss tangent, tg δ). Theoretical investigations show that for both systems: epoxidized soybean oil and bisphenol A (ESBO_BPA), as well as the hydroxylated soybean oil and low molecular weight epoxy resin (SMEG_EPR), theoretical values of the degree of conversion at the gel point are characterized by similar values (ESBO_BPA: <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.620, <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.620 and SMEG_EPR: <i>x<sub>gel-theoretical</sub></i> = 0.614, <i>x<sub>gel-experiment</sub></i> = 0.630, respectively), while the one determined based on the initial assumptions are greater than the above-mentioned (ESBO_BPA: <i>x<sub>gel-assumed</sub></i> = 0.696 and SMEG_EPR: <i>x<sub>gel-assumed</sub></i> = 0.667). Moreover, experimental studies in the viscoelastic fluid stage showed that the SMEG_EPR system is characterized by lower values of G′ and G″, which indicates lower elasticity and lower viscosity than the epoxidized derivative. It was found that alike during the conventional polyaddition reaction, both systems initially are homogeneous liquids of increasing viscosity. Wherein gradual increase in viscosity of the reaction mixture is related to the fusion of oligomer molecules and the formation of higher molecular weight products. In the critical stage of the process, known as the gelation point, the reaction mixture converts into the solid form, containing an insoluble cross-linked polymer.
format	article
author	Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub
author_facet	Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub
author_sort	Anna Sienkiewicz
title	Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
title_short	Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
title_full	Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
title_fullStr	Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
title_full_unstemmed	Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins
title_sort	rheological analysis of the synthesis of high-molecular-weight epoxy resins from modified soybean oil and bisphenol a or bpa-based epoxy resins
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/36a72755f89a44aeb7b66b4663a7233b
work_keys_str_mv	AT annasienkiewicz rheologicalanalysisofthesynthesisofhighmolecularweightepoxyresinsfrommodifiedsoybeanoilandbisphenolaorbpabasedepoxyresins AT piotrczub rheologicalanalysisofthesynthesisofhighmolecularweightepoxyresinsfrommodifiedsoybeanoilandbisphenolaorbpabasedepoxyresins
_version_	1718411430393282560

Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins

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