Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging

Purpose. The majority of X-ray contrast agents (XCA) are made with iodine, but iodine-based XCA (I-XCA) exhibit low contrast in high kVp X-rays due to iodine’s low atomic number (Z = 53) and K-edge (33.1 keV). While rhenium is a transition metal with a high atomic number (Z = 75) and K-edge (71.7 ke...

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Autores principales:	José Carlos De La Vega, Pedro Luis Esquinas, Jovan Kaur Gill, Selin Jessa, Bradford Gill, Yogesh Thakur, Katayoun Saatchi, Urs O. Häfeli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi-Wiley 2021
Materias:	Medical technology R855-855.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/36c93742ff2b4d648f7093a909923e23
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:36c93742ff2b4d648f7093a909923e232021-11-15T01:19:01ZComparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging1555-431710.1155/2021/1250360https://doaj.org/article/36c93742ff2b4d648f7093a909923e232021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1250360https://doaj.org/toc/1555-4317Purpose. The majority of X-ray contrast agents (XCA) are made with iodine, but iodine-based XCA (I-XCA) exhibit low contrast in high kVp X-rays due to iodine’s low atomic number (Z = 53) and K-edge (33.1 keV). While rhenium is a transition metal with a high atomic number (Z = 75) and K-edge (71.7 keV), the utilization of rhenium-based XCA (Re-XCA) in X-ray imaging techniques has not been studied in depth. Our study had two objectives: (1) to compare both the image quality and the absorbed dose of I- and Re-XCA and (2) to prepare and image a rhenium-doped scaffold. Procedures. I- and Re-XCA were prepared and imaged from 50 to 120 kVp by Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and digital radiography and from 120 to 220 kVp by planar X-ray imaging. The scans were repeated using 0.1 to 1.6 mm thick copper filters to harden the X-ray beam. A rhenium-doped scaffold was prepared via electrospinning, used to coat catheters, and imaged at 90 kVp by µCT. Results. I-XCA have a greater contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at 50 and 80 kVp, but Re-XCA have a greater CNR at >120 kVp. The difference in CNR is increased as the thickness of the copper filters is increased. For instance, the percent CNR improvement of rhenium over iodine is 14.2% with a 0.6 mm thick copper filter, but it is 59.1% with a 1.6 mm thick copper filter, as shown at 120 kVp by µCT. Upon coating them with a rhenium-doped scaffold, the catheters became radiopaque. Conclusions. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we showed that it is possible to reduce the absorbed dose of high kVp X-rays while allowing the acquisition of high-quality images. Furthermore, radiopaque catheters have the potential of enhancing the contrast during catheterizations and helping physicians to place catheters inside patients more rapidly and precisely.José Carlos De La VegaPedro Luis EsquinasJovan Kaur GillSelin JessaBradford GillYogesh ThakurKatayoun SaatchiUrs O. HäfeliHindawi-WileyarticleMedical technologyR855-855.5ENContrast Media & Molecular Imaging, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medical technology R855-855.5
spellingShingle	Medical technology R855-855.5 José Carlos De La Vega Pedro Luis Esquinas Jovan Kaur Gill Selin Jessa Bradford Gill Yogesh Thakur Katayoun Saatchi Urs O. Häfeli Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
description	Purpose. The majority of X-ray contrast agents (XCA) are made with iodine, but iodine-based XCA (I-XCA) exhibit low contrast in high kVp X-rays due to iodine’s low atomic number (Z = 53) and K-edge (33.1 keV). While rhenium is a transition metal with a high atomic number (Z = 75) and K-edge (71.7 keV), the utilization of rhenium-based XCA (Re-XCA) in X-ray imaging techniques has not been studied in depth. Our study had two objectives: (1) to compare both the image quality and the absorbed dose of I- and Re-XCA and (2) to prepare and image a rhenium-doped scaffold. Procedures. I- and Re-XCA were prepared and imaged from 50 to 120 kVp by Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and digital radiography and from 120 to 220 kVp by planar X-ray imaging. The scans were repeated using 0.1 to 1.6 mm thick copper filters to harden the X-ray beam. A rhenium-doped scaffold was prepared via electrospinning, used to coat catheters, and imaged at 90 kVp by µCT. Results. I-XCA have a greater contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at 50 and 80 kVp, but Re-XCA have a greater CNR at >120 kVp. The difference in CNR is increased as the thickness of the copper filters is increased. For instance, the percent CNR improvement of rhenium over iodine is 14.2% with a 0.6 mm thick copper filter, but it is 59.1% with a 1.6 mm thick copper filter, as shown at 120 kVp by µCT. Upon coating them with a rhenium-doped scaffold, the catheters became radiopaque. Conclusions. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we showed that it is possible to reduce the absorbed dose of high kVp X-rays while allowing the acquisition of high-quality images. Furthermore, radiopaque catheters have the potential of enhancing the contrast during catheterizations and helping physicians to place catheters inside patients more rapidly and precisely.
format	article
author	José Carlos De La Vega Pedro Luis Esquinas Jovan Kaur Gill Selin Jessa Bradford Gill Yogesh Thakur Katayoun Saatchi Urs O. Häfeli
author_facet	José Carlos De La Vega Pedro Luis Esquinas Jovan Kaur Gill Selin Jessa Bradford Gill Yogesh Thakur Katayoun Saatchi Urs O. Häfeli
author_sort	José Carlos De La Vega
title	Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
title_short	Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
title_full	Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
title_fullStr	Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging
title_sort	comparison of rhenium and iodine as contrast agents in x-ray imaging
publisher	Hindawi-Wiley
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/36c93742ff2b4d648f7093a909923e23
work_keys_str_mv	AT josecarlosdelavega comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT pedroluisesquinas comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT jovankaurgill comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT selinjessa comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT bradfordgill comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT yogeshthakur comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT katayounsaatchi comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging AT ursohafeli comparisonofrheniumandiodineascontrastagentsinxrayimaging
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Comparison of Rhenium and Iodine as Contrast Agents in X-Ray Imaging

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