Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies

Usama Assaad,2 Ibrahim El-Masri,2 Jahan Porhomayon,1,3 Ali A El-Solh1–41The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 3Department of Anesthesia, 4Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State Univ...

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Autores principales:	Assaad U, El-Masri I, Porhomayon J, El-Solh AA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2012
Materias:	pneumococcal vaccine influenza vaccine vaccine effectiveness pneumonia older adults Geriatrics RC952-954.6
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/36fc85337c634b11aeca4d6a9b5d49fd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:36fc85337c634b11aeca4d6a9b5d49fd2021-12-02T03:14:32ZPneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies1178-1998https://doaj.org/article/36fc85337c634b11aeca4d6a9b5d49fd2012-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/pneumonia-immunization-in-older-adults-review-of-vaccine-effectiveness-peer-reviewed-article-CIAhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-1998Usama Assaad,2 Ibrahim El-Masri,2 Jahan Porhomayon,1,3 Ali A El-Solh1–41The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 3Department of Anesthesia, 4Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, NY, USAAbstract: Vaccination remains the primary preventive strategy in the elderly against Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections. The effectiveness of this strategy in preventing pneumonia has been in doubt despite the increase in vaccination coverage among older adults. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies aimed at determining clinical outcomes and immune response following pneumococcal vaccination have yielded conflicting results. The protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination against pneumonia in older adults has not been firmly established due to a lack of RCTs specifically examining patients ≥ 65 years of age. Similarly, the reported benefits of influenza vaccination have been derived from observational data. The assessment of clinical benefit from influenza vaccination in the elderly population is complicated by varying cohorts, virulence of the influenza strain, and matching of vaccine and circulating viral strains. The presence of selection bias and use of nonspecific end points in these studies make the current evidence inconclusive in terms of overall benefit. The development of more immunogenic vaccines through new formulations or addition of adjuvants holds the promise of revolutionizing delivery and improving efficacy. Dismantling existing barriers through education, providing technology assistance predominantly to developing countries, and establishing clear regulatory guidance on pathways for approval are necessary to ensure timely production and equitable distribution.Keywords: pneumococcal vaccine, influenza vaccine, vaccine effectiveness, pneumonia, older adultsAssaad UEl-Masri IPorhomayon JEl-Solh AADove Medical Pressarticlepneumococcal vaccineinfluenza vaccinevaccine effectivenesspneumoniaolder adultsGeriatricsRC952-954.6ENClinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 7, Pp 453-461 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	pneumococcal vaccine influenza vaccine vaccine effectiveness pneumonia older adults Geriatrics RC952-954.6
spellingShingle	pneumococcal vaccine influenza vaccine vaccine effectiveness pneumonia older adults Geriatrics RC952-954.6 Assaad U El-Masri I Porhomayon J El-Solh AA Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
description	Usama Assaad,2 Ibrahim El-Masri,2 Jahan Porhomayon,1,3 Ali A El-Solh1–41The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 3Department of Anesthesia, 4Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, NY, USAAbstract: Vaccination remains the primary preventive strategy in the elderly against Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections. The effectiveness of this strategy in preventing pneumonia has been in doubt despite the increase in vaccination coverage among older adults. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies aimed at determining clinical outcomes and immune response following pneumococcal vaccination have yielded conflicting results. The protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination against pneumonia in older adults has not been firmly established due to a lack of RCTs specifically examining patients ≥ 65 years of age. Similarly, the reported benefits of influenza vaccination have been derived from observational data. The assessment of clinical benefit from influenza vaccination in the elderly population is complicated by varying cohorts, virulence of the influenza strain, and matching of vaccine and circulating viral strains. The presence of selection bias and use of nonspecific end points in these studies make the current evidence inconclusive in terms of overall benefit. The development of more immunogenic vaccines through new formulations or addition of adjuvants holds the promise of revolutionizing delivery and improving efficacy. Dismantling existing barriers through education, providing technology assistance predominantly to developing countries, and establishing clear regulatory guidance on pathways for approval are necessary to ensure timely production and equitable distribution.Keywords: pneumococcal vaccine, influenza vaccine, vaccine effectiveness, pneumonia, older adults
format	article
author	Assaad U El-Masri I Porhomayon J El-Solh AA
author_facet	Assaad U El-Masri I Porhomayon J El-Solh AA
author_sort	Assaad U
title	Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
title_short	Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
title_full	Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
title_fullStr	Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
title_full_unstemmed	Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
title_sort	pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/36fc85337c634b11aeca4d6a9b5d49fd
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Pneumonia immunization in older adults: review of vaccine effectiveness and strategies

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