Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth

ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative, facultative, intracellular bacterial pathogen and one of the most virulent organisms known. A hallmark of F. tularensis pathogenesis is the bacterium’s ability to replicate to high densities within the cytoplasm of infected cells in over 250 known...

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Autores principales:	Lauren C. Radlinski, Jason Brunton, Shaun Steele, Sharon Taft-Benz, Thomas H. Kawula
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	Francisella tularensis GdhA GlpA carbon metabolism intracellular pathogen Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/37165435e81943a0b6fd0a6c6f202536
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:37165435e81943a0b6fd0a6c6f2025362021-11-15T15:52:19ZDefining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth10.1128/mBio.01471-182150-7511https://doaj.org/article/37165435e81943a0b6fd0a6c6f2025362018-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01471-18https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative, facultative, intracellular bacterial pathogen and one of the most virulent organisms known. A hallmark of F. tularensis pathogenesis is the bacterium’s ability to replicate to high densities within the cytoplasm of infected cells in over 250 known host species, including humans. This demonstrates that F. tularensis is adept at modulating its metabolism to fluctuating concentrations of host-derived nutrients. The precise metabolic pathways and nutrients utilized by F. tularensis during intracellular growth, however, are poorly understood. Here, we use systematic mutational analysis to identify the carbon catabolic pathways and host-derived nutrients required for F. tularensis intracellular replication. We demonstrate that the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PfkA), and thus glycolysis, is dispensable for F. tularensis SchuS4 virulence, and we highlight the importance of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (GlpX). We found that the specific gluconeogenic enzymes that function upstream of GlpX varied based on infection model, indicating that F. tularensis alters its metabolic flux according to the nutrients available within its replicative niche. Despite this flexibility, we found that glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) and glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase (GlpA) are essential for F. tularensis intracellular replication in all infection models tested. Finally, we demonstrate that host cell lipolysis is required for F. tularensis intracellular proliferation, suggesting that host triglyceride stores represent a primary source of glycerol during intracellular replication. Altogether, the data presented here reveal common nutritional requirements for a bacterium that exhibits characteristic metabolic flexibility during infection. IMPORTANCE The widespread onset of antibiotic resistance prioritizes the need for novel antimicrobial strategies to prevent the spread of disease. With its low infectious dose, broad host range, and high rate of mortality, F. tularensis poses a severe risk to public health and is considered a potential agent for bioterrorism. F. tularensis reaches extreme densities within the host cell cytosol, often replicating 1,000-fold in a single cell within 24 hours. This remarkable rate of growth demonstrates that F. tularensis is adept at harvesting and utilizing host cell nutrients. However, like most intracellular pathogens, the types of nutrients utilized by F. tularensis and how they are acquired is not fully understood. Identifying the essential pathways for F. tularensis replication may reveal new therapeutic strategies for targeting this highly infectious pathogen and may provide insight for improved targeting of intracellular pathogens in general.Lauren C. RadlinskiJason BruntonShaun SteeleSharon Taft-BenzThomas H. KawulaAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleFrancisella tularensisGdhAGlpAcarbon metabolismintracellular pathogenMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 9, Iss 6 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Francisella tularensis GdhA GlpA carbon metabolism intracellular pathogen Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Francisella tularensis GdhA GlpA carbon metabolism intracellular pathogen Microbiology QR1-502 Lauren C. Radlinski Jason Brunton Shaun Steele Sharon Taft-Benz Thomas H. Kawula Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
description	ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative, facultative, intracellular bacterial pathogen and one of the most virulent organisms known. A hallmark of F. tularensis pathogenesis is the bacterium’s ability to replicate to high densities within the cytoplasm of infected cells in over 250 known host species, including humans. This demonstrates that F. tularensis is adept at modulating its metabolism to fluctuating concentrations of host-derived nutrients. The precise metabolic pathways and nutrients utilized by F. tularensis during intracellular growth, however, are poorly understood. Here, we use systematic mutational analysis to identify the carbon catabolic pathways and host-derived nutrients required for F. tularensis intracellular replication. We demonstrate that the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PfkA), and thus glycolysis, is dispensable for F. tularensis SchuS4 virulence, and we highlight the importance of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (GlpX). We found that the specific gluconeogenic enzymes that function upstream of GlpX varied based on infection model, indicating that F. tularensis alters its metabolic flux according to the nutrients available within its replicative niche. Despite this flexibility, we found that glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) and glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase (GlpA) are essential for F. tularensis intracellular replication in all infection models tested. Finally, we demonstrate that host cell lipolysis is required for F. tularensis intracellular proliferation, suggesting that host triglyceride stores represent a primary source of glycerol during intracellular replication. Altogether, the data presented here reveal common nutritional requirements for a bacterium that exhibits characteristic metabolic flexibility during infection. IMPORTANCE The widespread onset of antibiotic resistance prioritizes the need for novel antimicrobial strategies to prevent the spread of disease. With its low infectious dose, broad host range, and high rate of mortality, F. tularensis poses a severe risk to public health and is considered a potential agent for bioterrorism. F. tularensis reaches extreme densities within the host cell cytosol, often replicating 1,000-fold in a single cell within 24 hours. This remarkable rate of growth demonstrates that F. tularensis is adept at harvesting and utilizing host cell nutrients. However, like most intracellular pathogens, the types of nutrients utilized by F. tularensis and how they are acquired is not fully understood. Identifying the essential pathways for F. tularensis replication may reveal new therapeutic strategies for targeting this highly infectious pathogen and may provide insight for improved targeting of intracellular pathogens in general.
format	article
author	Lauren C. Radlinski Jason Brunton Shaun Steele Sharon Taft-Benz Thomas H. Kawula
author_facet	Lauren C. Radlinski Jason Brunton Shaun Steele Sharon Taft-Benz Thomas H. Kawula
author_sort	Lauren C. Radlinski
title	Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
title_short	Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
title_full	Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
title_fullStr	Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
title_full_unstemmed	Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth
title_sort	defining the metabolic pathways and host-derived carbon substrates required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">francisella tularensis</named-content> intracellular growth
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/37165435e81943a0b6fd0a6c6f202536
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Defining the Metabolic Pathways and Host-Derived Carbon Substrates Required for <named-content content-type="genus-species">Francisella tularensis</named-content> Intracellular Growth

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