High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)

Ocean reanalyses integrate models and observations to provide a continuous and consistent reconstruction of the past physical and biogeochemical ocean states and variability. We present a reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at a 1/24° resolution developed within the Copernicus Marine...

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Autores principales:	Gianpiero Cossarini, Laura Feudale, Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Gianluca Coidessa, Cosimo Solidoro, Valeria Di Biagio, Carolina Amadio, Paolo Lazzari, Alberto Brosich, Stefano Salon
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry reanalysis data assimilation multi-level validation multi-scale variability Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/372a8e0e5ebc45a2abb8ee1d5283ac53
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:372a8e0e5ebc45a2abb8ee1d5283ac532021-12-01T14:07:05ZHigh-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.741486https://doaj.org/article/372a8e0e5ebc45a2abb8ee1d5283ac532021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.741486/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745Ocean reanalyses integrate models and observations to provide a continuous and consistent reconstruction of the past physical and biogeochemical ocean states and variability. We present a reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at a 1/24° resolution developed within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) framework. The reanalysis is based on the Biogeochemical Flux Model (BFM) coupled with a variational data assimilation scheme (3DVarBio) and forced by the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO)–OceanVar physical reanalysis and European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis ERA5 atmospheric fields. Covering the 1999–2019 period with daily means of 12 published and validated biogeochemical state variables, the reanalysis assimilates surface chlorophyll data and integrates EMODnet data as initial conditions, in addition to considering World Ocean Atlas data at the Atlantic boundary, CO2 atmospheric observations, and yearly estimates of riverine nutrient inputs. With the use of multiple observation sources (remote, in situ, and BGC-Argo), the quality of the biogeochemical reanalysis is qualitatively and quantitatively assessed at three validation levels including the evaluation of 12 state variables and fluxes and several process-oriented metrics. The results indicate an overall good reanalysis skill in simulating basin-wide values and variability in the biogeochemical variables. The uncertainty in reproducing observations at the mesoscale and weekly temporal scale is satisfactory for chlorophyll, nutrient, oxygen, and carbonate system variables in the epipelagic layers, whereas the uncertainty increases for a few variables (i.e., oxygen and ammonium) in the mesopelagic layers. The vertical dynamics of phytoplankton and nitrate are positively evaluated with specific metrics using BGC-Argo data. As a consequence of the continuous increases in temperature and salinity documented in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 20 years and atmospheric CO2 invasion, we observe basin-wide biogeochemical signals indicating surface deoxygenation, increases in alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, and decreases in pH at the surface. The new, high-resolution reanalysis, open and freely available from the Copernicus Marine Service, allows users from different communities to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in 12 biogeochemical variables and fluxes at different scales (from the mesoscale to the basin-wide scale and from daily to multiyear scales) and the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes shaping Mediterranean marine ecosystem functioning.Gianpiero CossariniLaura FeudaleAnna TeruzziGiorgio BolzonGianluca CoidessaCosimo SolidoroValeria Di BiagioCarolina AmadioPaolo LazzariAlberto BrosichStefano SalonFrontiers Media S.A.articleMediterranean Seabiogeochemistryreanalysisdata assimilationmulti-level validationmulti-scale variabilityScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry reanalysis data assimilation multi-level validation multi-scale variability Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry reanalysis data assimilation multi-level validation multi-scale variability Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Gianpiero Cossarini Laura Feudale Anna Teruzzi Giorgio Bolzon Gianluca Coidessa Cosimo Solidoro Valeria Di Biagio Carolina Amadio Paolo Lazzari Alberto Brosich Stefano Salon High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
description	Ocean reanalyses integrate models and observations to provide a continuous and consistent reconstruction of the past physical and biogeochemical ocean states and variability. We present a reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at a 1/24° resolution developed within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) framework. The reanalysis is based on the Biogeochemical Flux Model (BFM) coupled with a variational data assimilation scheme (3DVarBio) and forced by the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO)–OceanVar physical reanalysis and European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis ERA5 atmospheric fields. Covering the 1999–2019 period with daily means of 12 published and validated biogeochemical state variables, the reanalysis assimilates surface chlorophyll data and integrates EMODnet data as initial conditions, in addition to considering World Ocean Atlas data at the Atlantic boundary, CO2 atmospheric observations, and yearly estimates of riverine nutrient inputs. With the use of multiple observation sources (remote, in situ, and BGC-Argo), the quality of the biogeochemical reanalysis is qualitatively and quantitatively assessed at three validation levels including the evaluation of 12 state variables and fluxes and several process-oriented metrics. The results indicate an overall good reanalysis skill in simulating basin-wide values and variability in the biogeochemical variables. The uncertainty in reproducing observations at the mesoscale and weekly temporal scale is satisfactory for chlorophyll, nutrient, oxygen, and carbonate system variables in the epipelagic layers, whereas the uncertainty increases for a few variables (i.e., oxygen and ammonium) in the mesopelagic layers. The vertical dynamics of phytoplankton and nitrate are positively evaluated with specific metrics using BGC-Argo data. As a consequence of the continuous increases in temperature and salinity documented in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 20 years and atmospheric CO2 invasion, we observe basin-wide biogeochemical signals indicating surface deoxygenation, increases in alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, and decreases in pH at the surface. The new, high-resolution reanalysis, open and freely available from the Copernicus Marine Service, allows users from different communities to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in 12 biogeochemical variables and fluxes at different scales (from the mesoscale to the basin-wide scale and from daily to multiyear scales) and the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes shaping Mediterranean marine ecosystem functioning.
format	article
author	Gianpiero Cossarini Laura Feudale Anna Teruzzi Giorgio Bolzon Gianluca Coidessa Cosimo Solidoro Valeria Di Biagio Carolina Amadio Paolo Lazzari Alberto Brosich Stefano Salon
author_facet	Gianpiero Cossarini Laura Feudale Anna Teruzzi Giorgio Bolzon Gianluca Coidessa Cosimo Solidoro Valeria Di Biagio Carolina Amadio Paolo Lazzari Alberto Brosich Stefano Salon
author_sort	Gianpiero Cossarini
title	High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
title_short	High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
title_full	High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
title_fullStr	High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
title_full_unstemmed	High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
title_sort	high-resolution reanalysis of the mediterranean sea biogeochemistry (1999–2019)
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/372a8e0e5ebc45a2abb8ee1d5283ac53
work_keys_str_mv	AT gianpierocossarini highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT laurafeudale highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT annateruzzi highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT giorgiobolzon highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT gianlucacoidessa highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT cosimosolidoro highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT valeriadibiagio highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT carolinaamadio highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT paololazzari highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT albertobrosich highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019 AT stefanosalon highresolutionreanalysisofthemediterraneanseabiogeochemistry19992019
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High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019)

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