Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>

<i>Fagonia indica</i> is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger th...

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Autores principales:	Habiba Khan, Tariq Khan, Nisar Ahmad, Gouhar Zaman, Taimoor Khan, Waqar Ahmad, Sannia Batool, Zahid Hussain, Samantha Drouet, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Fagonia indica</i> callus culture chemical elicitors polyphenolics antioxidant enzymes HPLC Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/37462a29160c4bdf9ecf98fe107ce57c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:37462a29160c4bdf9ecf98fe107ce57c2021-11-11T18:22:23ZChemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>10.3390/molecules262163401420-3049https://doaj.org/article/37462a29160c4bdf9ecf98fe107ce57c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6340https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049<i>Fagonia indica</i> is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger the biosynthetic pathways for the release of a higher quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of chemical elicitors, aluminum chloride (AlCl<sub>3</sub>) and cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>), on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biomass, and the antioxidant system in callus cultures of <i>F. indica</i>. Among various treatments applied, AlCl<sub>3</sub> (0.1 mM concentration) improved the highest in biomass accumulation (fresh weight (FW): 404.72 g/L) as compared to the control (FW: 269.85 g/L). The exposure of cultures to AlCl<sub>3</sub> (0.01 mM) enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and the total phenolic contents (TPCs: 7.74 mg/g DW) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs: 1.07 mg/g DW) were higher than those of cultures exposed to CdCl<sub>2</sub> (0.01 mM) with content levels (TPC: 5.60 and TFC: 0.97 mg/g) as compared to the control (TPC: 4.16 and TFC: 0.42 mg/g DW). Likewise, AlCl<sub>3</sub> and CdCl<sub>2</sub> also promoted the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA; 89.4% and 90%, respectively) at a concentration of 0.01 mM, as compared to the control (65.48%). For instance, the quantification of metabolites via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed an optimum production of myricetin (1.20 mg/g), apigenin (0.83 mg/g), isorhamnetin (0.70 mg/g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg/g). Cultures grown in the presence of AlCl<sub>3</sub> triggered higher quantities of secondary metabolites than those grown in the presence of CdCl<sub>2</sub> (0.79, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.67 mg/g). Moreover, AlCl<sub>3</sub> at 0.1 mM enhanced the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 0.08 nM/min/mg-FW) and peroxidase enzymes (POD: 2.37 nM/min/mg-FW), while CdCl<sub>2</sub> resulted in an SOD activity up to 0.06 nM/min/mg-FW and POD: 2.72 nM/min/mg-FW. From these results, it is clear that AlCl<sub>3</sub> is a better elicitor in terms of a higher and uniform productivity of biomass, secondary cell products, and antioxidant enzymes compared to CdCl<sub>2</sub> and the control. It is possible to scale the current strategy to a bioreactor for a higher productivity of metabolites of interest for various pharmaceutical industries.Habiba KhanTariq KhanNisar AhmadGouhar ZamanTaimoor KhanWaqar AhmadSannia BatoolZahid HussainSamantha DrouetChristophe HanoBilal Haider AbbasiMDPI AGarticle<i>Fagonia indica</i>callus culturechemical elicitorspolyphenolicsantioxidant enzymesHPLCOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6340, p 6340 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Fagonia indica</i> callus culture chemical elicitors polyphenolics antioxidant enzymes HPLC Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	<i>Fagonia indica</i> callus culture chemical elicitors polyphenolics antioxidant enzymes HPLC Organic chemistry QD241-441 Habiba Khan Tariq Khan Nisar Ahmad Gouhar Zaman Taimoor Khan Waqar Ahmad Sannia Batool Zahid Hussain Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Bilal Haider Abbasi Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
description	<i>Fagonia indica</i> is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger the biosynthetic pathways for the release of a higher quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of chemical elicitors, aluminum chloride (AlCl<sub>3</sub>) and cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>), on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biomass, and the antioxidant system in callus cultures of <i>F. indica</i>. Among various treatments applied, AlCl<sub>3</sub> (0.1 mM concentration) improved the highest in biomass accumulation (fresh weight (FW): 404.72 g/L) as compared to the control (FW: 269.85 g/L). The exposure of cultures to AlCl<sub>3</sub> (0.01 mM) enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and the total phenolic contents (TPCs: 7.74 mg/g DW) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs: 1.07 mg/g DW) were higher than those of cultures exposed to CdCl<sub>2</sub> (0.01 mM) with content levels (TPC: 5.60 and TFC: 0.97 mg/g) as compared to the control (TPC: 4.16 and TFC: 0.42 mg/g DW). Likewise, AlCl<sub>3</sub> and CdCl<sub>2</sub> also promoted the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA; 89.4% and 90%, respectively) at a concentration of 0.01 mM, as compared to the control (65.48%). For instance, the quantification of metabolites via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed an optimum production of myricetin (1.20 mg/g), apigenin (0.83 mg/g), isorhamnetin (0.70 mg/g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg/g). Cultures grown in the presence of AlCl<sub>3</sub> triggered higher quantities of secondary metabolites than those grown in the presence of CdCl<sub>2</sub> (0.79, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.67 mg/g). Moreover, AlCl<sub>3</sub> at 0.1 mM enhanced the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 0.08 nM/min/mg-FW) and peroxidase enzymes (POD: 2.37 nM/min/mg-FW), while CdCl<sub>2</sub> resulted in an SOD activity up to 0.06 nM/min/mg-FW and POD: 2.72 nM/min/mg-FW. From these results, it is clear that AlCl<sub>3</sub> is a better elicitor in terms of a higher and uniform productivity of biomass, secondary cell products, and antioxidant enzymes compared to CdCl<sub>2</sub> and the control. It is possible to scale the current strategy to a bioreactor for a higher productivity of metabolites of interest for various pharmaceutical industries.
format	article
author	Habiba Khan Tariq Khan Nisar Ahmad Gouhar Zaman Taimoor Khan Waqar Ahmad Sannia Batool Zahid Hussain Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Bilal Haider Abbasi
author_facet	Habiba Khan Tariq Khan Nisar Ahmad Gouhar Zaman Taimoor Khan Waqar Ahmad Sannia Batool Zahid Hussain Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Bilal Haider Abbasi
author_sort	Habiba Khan
title	Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
title_short	Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
title_full	Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
title_fullStr	Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>
title_sort	chemical elicitors-induced variation in cellular biomass, biosynthesis of secondary cell products, and antioxidant system in callus cultures of <i>fagonia indica</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/37462a29160c4bdf9ecf98fe107ce57c
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Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of <i>Fagonia indica</i>

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