Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in labora...

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Autores principales:	Pasquale D’Angelo, Mario Barra, Patrizia Lombari, Annapaola Coppola, Davide Vurro, Giuseppe Tarabella, Simone Luigi Marasso, Margherita Borriello, Federico Chianese, Alessandra F. Perna, Antonio Cassinese, Diego Ingrosso
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	homocysteine organic electrochemical transistors point-of-care testing cardiovascular risk Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3774ad2e6c694d3e8b0de1626245de2b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3774ad2e6c694d3e8b0de1626245de2b2021-11-11T16:58:11ZHomocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes10.3390/ijms2221115071422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/3774ad2e6c694d3e8b0de1626245de2b2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11507https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes’ biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia.Pasquale D’AngeloMario BarraPatrizia LombariAnnapaola CoppolaDavide VurroGiuseppe TarabellaSimone Luigi MarassoMargherita BorrielloFederico ChianeseAlessandra F. PernaAntonio CassineseDiego IngrossoMDPI AGarticlehomocysteineorganic electrochemical transistorspoint-of-care testingcardiovascular riskBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11507, p 11507 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	homocysteine organic electrochemical transistors point-of-care testing cardiovascular risk Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	homocysteine organic electrochemical transistors point-of-care testing cardiovascular risk Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Pasquale D’Angelo Mario Barra Patrizia Lombari Annapaola Coppola Davide Vurro Giuseppe Tarabella Simone Luigi Marasso Margherita Borriello Federico Chianese Alessandra F. Perna Antonio Cassinese Diego Ingrosso Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
description	Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes’ biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia.
format	article
author	Pasquale D’Angelo Mario Barra Patrizia Lombari Annapaola Coppola Davide Vurro Giuseppe Tarabella Simone Luigi Marasso Margherita Borriello Federico Chianese Alessandra F. Perna Antonio Cassinese Diego Ingrosso
author_facet	Pasquale D’Angelo Mario Barra Patrizia Lombari Annapaola Coppola Davide Vurro Giuseppe Tarabella Simone Luigi Marasso Margherita Borriello Federico Chianese Alessandra F. Perna Antonio Cassinese Diego Ingrosso
author_sort	Pasquale D’Angelo
title	Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_short	Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_full	Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_fullStr	Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_full_unstemmed	Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_sort	homocysteine solution-induced response in aerosol jet printed oects by means of gold and platinum gate electrodes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3774ad2e6c694d3e8b0de1626245de2b
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Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes

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