Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function.
<h4>Background</h4>In Mali, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and filariasis are co-endemic. Previous studies in animal models of infection have shown that sand fly saliva enhance infectivity of Leishmania parasites in naïve hosts while saliva-specific adaptive immune responses may protect ag...
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oai:doaj.org-article:37a02010c6f048ceae405e60596738082021-11-25T06:31:47ZIndividuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function.1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0009448https://doaj.org/article/37a02010c6f048ceae405e60596738082021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009448https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>In Mali, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and filariasis are co-endemic. Previous studies in animal models of infection have shown that sand fly saliva enhance infectivity of Leishmania parasites in naïve hosts while saliva-specific adaptive immune responses may protect against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, the human immune response to Phlebotomus duboscqi (Pd) saliva, the principal sand fly vector in Mali, was found to be dichotomously polarized with some individuals having a Th1-dominated response and others having a Th2-biased response. We hypothesized that co-infection with filarial parasites may be an underlying factor that modulates the immune response to Pd saliva in endemic regions.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>To understand which cell types may be responsible for polarizing human responses to sand fly saliva, we investigated the effect of salivary glands (SG) of Pd on human monocytes. To this end, elutriated monocytes were cultured in vitro, alone, or with SG, microfilariae antigen (MF ag) of Brugia malayi, or LPS, a positive control. The mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammatory or regulatory responses was then measured as were cytokines and chemokines associated with these responses. Monocytes of individuals who were not exposed to sand fly bites (mainly North American controls) significantly upregulated the production of IL-6 and CCL4; cytokines that enhance leishmania parasite establishment, in response to SG from Pd or other vector species. This selective inflammatory response was lost in individuals that were exposed to sand fly bites which was not changed by co-infection with filarial parasites. Furthermore, infection with filarial parasites resulted in upregulation of CCL22, a type-2 associated chemokine, both at the mRNA levels and by its observed effect on the frequency of recruited monocytes.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Together, our data suggest that SG or recombinant salivary proteins from Pd alter human monocyte function by upregulating selective inflammatory cytokines.Moussa SangareYaya Ibrahim CoulibalyNaureen HudaSilvia VidalSameha TariqMichel Emmanuel CoulibalySiaka Yamoussa CoulibalyLamine SoumaoroIlo DickoBourama TraoreIbrahim Moussa SissokoSekou Fantamady TraoreOusmane FayeThomas B NutmanJesus G ValenzuelaFabiano OliveiraSeydou DoumbiaShaden KamhawiRoshanak Tolouei SemnaniPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 6, p e0009448 (2021) |
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
| spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Moussa Sangare Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly Naureen Huda Silvia Vidal Sameha Tariq Michel Emmanuel Coulibaly Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly Lamine Soumaoro Ilo Dicko Bourama Traore Ibrahim Moussa Sissoko Sekou Fantamady Traore Ousmane Faye Thomas B Nutman Jesus G Valenzuela Fabiano Oliveira Seydou Doumbia Shaden Kamhawi Roshanak Tolouei Semnani Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| description |
<h4>Background</h4>In Mali, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and filariasis are co-endemic. Previous studies in animal models of infection have shown that sand fly saliva enhance infectivity of Leishmania parasites in naïve hosts while saliva-specific adaptive immune responses may protect against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, the human immune response to Phlebotomus duboscqi (Pd) saliva, the principal sand fly vector in Mali, was found to be dichotomously polarized with some individuals having a Th1-dominated response and others having a Th2-biased response. We hypothesized that co-infection with filarial parasites may be an underlying factor that modulates the immune response to Pd saliva in endemic regions.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>To understand which cell types may be responsible for polarizing human responses to sand fly saliva, we investigated the effect of salivary glands (SG) of Pd on human monocytes. To this end, elutriated monocytes were cultured in vitro, alone, or with SG, microfilariae antigen (MF ag) of Brugia malayi, or LPS, a positive control. The mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammatory or regulatory responses was then measured as were cytokines and chemokines associated with these responses. Monocytes of individuals who were not exposed to sand fly bites (mainly North American controls) significantly upregulated the production of IL-6 and CCL4; cytokines that enhance leishmania parasite establishment, in response to SG from Pd or other vector species. This selective inflammatory response was lost in individuals that were exposed to sand fly bites which was not changed by co-infection with filarial parasites. Furthermore, infection with filarial parasites resulted in upregulation of CCL22, a type-2 associated chemokine, both at the mRNA levels and by its observed effect on the frequency of recruited monocytes.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Together, our data suggest that SG or recombinant salivary proteins from Pd alter human monocyte function by upregulating selective inflammatory cytokines. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Moussa Sangare Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly Naureen Huda Silvia Vidal Sameha Tariq Michel Emmanuel Coulibaly Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly Lamine Soumaoro Ilo Dicko Bourama Traore Ibrahim Moussa Sissoko Sekou Fantamady Traore Ousmane Faye Thomas B Nutman Jesus G Valenzuela Fabiano Oliveira Seydou Doumbia Shaden Kamhawi Roshanak Tolouei Semnani |
| author_facet |
Moussa Sangare Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly Naureen Huda Silvia Vidal Sameha Tariq Michel Emmanuel Coulibaly Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly Lamine Soumaoro Ilo Dicko Bourama Traore Ibrahim Moussa Sissoko Sekou Fantamady Traore Ousmane Faye Thomas B Nutman Jesus G Valenzuela Fabiano Oliveira Seydou Doumbia Shaden Kamhawi Roshanak Tolouei Semnani |
| author_sort |
Moussa Sangare |
| title |
Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| title_short |
Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| title_full |
Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| title_fullStr |
Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| title_sort |
individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function. |
| publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/37a02010c6f048ceae405e6059673808 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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