Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations

Urban climate features, such as the urban heat island (UHI), are determined by various factors characterizing the modifications of the surface by the built environment and human activity. These factors are often attributed to the local spatial scale (hundreds of meters up to several kilometers). Now...

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Autores principales:	Mikhail Varentsov, Daniel Fenner, Fred Meier, Timofey Samsonov, Matthias Demuzere
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	urban heat island crowdsourcing local climate zone mesoscale local scale Moscow Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3822746bfd084a5f95dd0fa8882cfeef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3822746bfd084a5f95dd0fa8882cfeef2021-12-01T02:02:54ZQuantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations2296-665X10.3389/fenvs.2021.716968https://doaj.org/article/3822746bfd084a5f95dd0fa8882cfeef2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.716968/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-665XUrban climate features, such as the urban heat island (UHI), are determined by various factors characterizing the modifications of the surface by the built environment and human activity. These factors are often attributed to the local spatial scale (hundreds of meters up to several kilometers). Nowadays, more and more urban climate studies utilize the concept of the local climate zones (LCZs) as a proxy for urban climate heterogeneity. However, for modern megacities that extend to dozens of kilometers, it is reasonable to suggest a significant contribution of the larger-scale factors to the temperature and UHI climatology. In this study, we investigate the contribution of local-scale and mesoscale driving factors of the nocturnal canopy layer UHI of the Moscow megacity in Russia. The study is based on air temperature observations from a dense network consisting of around 80 reference and more than 1,500 crowdsourced citizen weather stations for a summer and a winter season. For the crowdsourcing data, an advanced quality control algorithm is proposed. Based on both types of data, we show that the spatial patterns of the UHI are shaped both by local-scale and mesoscale driving factors. The local drivers represent the surface features in the vicinity of a few hundred meters and can be described by the LCZ concept. The mesoscale drivers represent the influence of the surrounding urban areas in the vicinity of 2–20 km around a station, transformed by diffusion, and advection in the atmospheric boundary layer. The contribution of the mesoscale drivers is reflected in air temperature differences between similar LCZs in different parts of the megacity and in a dependence between the UHI intensity and the distance from the city center. Using high-resolution city-descriptive parameters and different statistical analysis, we quantified the contributions of the local- and mesoscale driving factors. For selected cases with a pronounced nocturnal UHI, their respective contributions are of similar magnitude. Our findings highlight the importance of taking both local- and mesoscale effects in urban climate studies for megacities into account. Furthermore, they underscore a need for an extension of the LCZ concept to take mesoscale settings of the urban environment into account.Mikhail VarentsovMikhail VarentsovMikhail VarentsovDaniel FennerDaniel FennerFred MeierTimofey SamsonovTimofey SamsonovMatthias DemuzereFrontiers Media S.A.articleurban heat islandcrowdsourcinglocal climate zonemesoscalelocal scaleMoscowEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350ENFrontiers in Environmental Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	urban heat island crowdsourcing local climate zone mesoscale local scale Moscow Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	urban heat island crowdsourcing local climate zone mesoscale local scale Moscow Environmental sciences GE1-350 Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Daniel Fenner Daniel Fenner Fred Meier Timofey Samsonov Timofey Samsonov Matthias Demuzere Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
description	Urban climate features, such as the urban heat island (UHI), are determined by various factors characterizing the modifications of the surface by the built environment and human activity. These factors are often attributed to the local spatial scale (hundreds of meters up to several kilometers). Nowadays, more and more urban climate studies utilize the concept of the local climate zones (LCZs) as a proxy for urban climate heterogeneity. However, for modern megacities that extend to dozens of kilometers, it is reasonable to suggest a significant contribution of the larger-scale factors to the temperature and UHI climatology. In this study, we investigate the contribution of local-scale and mesoscale driving factors of the nocturnal canopy layer UHI of the Moscow megacity in Russia. The study is based on air temperature observations from a dense network consisting of around 80 reference and more than 1,500 crowdsourced citizen weather stations for a summer and a winter season. For the crowdsourcing data, an advanced quality control algorithm is proposed. Based on both types of data, we show that the spatial patterns of the UHI are shaped both by local-scale and mesoscale driving factors. The local drivers represent the surface features in the vicinity of a few hundred meters and can be described by the LCZ concept. The mesoscale drivers represent the influence of the surrounding urban areas in the vicinity of 2–20 km around a station, transformed by diffusion, and advection in the atmospheric boundary layer. The contribution of the mesoscale drivers is reflected in air temperature differences between similar LCZs in different parts of the megacity and in a dependence between the UHI intensity and the distance from the city center. Using high-resolution city-descriptive parameters and different statistical analysis, we quantified the contributions of the local- and mesoscale driving factors. For selected cases with a pronounced nocturnal UHI, their respective contributions are of similar magnitude. Our findings highlight the importance of taking both local- and mesoscale effects in urban climate studies for megacities into account. Furthermore, they underscore a need for an extension of the LCZ concept to take mesoscale settings of the urban environment into account.
format	article
author	Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Daniel Fenner Daniel Fenner Fred Meier Timofey Samsonov Timofey Samsonov Matthias Demuzere
author_facet	Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Mikhail Varentsov Daniel Fenner Daniel Fenner Fred Meier Timofey Samsonov Timofey Samsonov Matthias Demuzere
author_sort	Mikhail Varentsov
title	Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
title_short	Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
title_full	Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
title_fullStr	Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
title_full_unstemmed	Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations
title_sort	quantifying local and mesoscale drivers of the urban heat island of moscow with reference and crowdsourced observations
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3822746bfd084a5f95dd0fa8882cfeef
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Quantifying Local and Mesoscale Drivers of the Urban Heat Island of Moscow with Reference and Crowdsourced Observations

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