Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion

Abstract The key feature of Fe–Mn alloys is gradual degradability and non-magneticity, with laser power bed fusion (LPBF) parameters influencing the microstructure and chemical composition. Our study focuses on biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced by mechanically mixing pure metal feedstock powders a...

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Autores principales:	Črtomir Donik, Jakob Kraner, Aleksandra Kocijan, Irena Paulin, Matjaž Godec
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/38b51549157a4344a222789384d06e23
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:38b51549157a4344a222789384d06e232021-12-02T19:17:05ZEvolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion10.1038/s41598-021-99042-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/38b51549157a4344a222789384d06e232021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99042-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The key feature of Fe–Mn alloys is gradual degradability and non-magneticity, with laser power bed fusion (LPBF) parameters influencing the microstructure and chemical composition. Our study focuses on biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced by mechanically mixing pure metal feedstock powders as part of the LPBF process. The Mn content and, consequently, the γ-ε phase formation in LPBF samples are directly correlated with an adapted energy–density (E) equation by combining the five primary LPBF parameters. We varied laser power (P) in a range of 200–350 W and scanning speed at 400 and 800 mm/s, and a comprehensive study was performed on samples with similar E. The study also showed an almost linear correlation between the LPBF's laser power and the material's hardness and porosity. The corrosion resistance was significantly reduced (from 13 to 400 μm/year) for the LPBF samples compared to a conventionally produced sample due to the dual-phase microstructure, increased porosity and other defects. The static immersion test showed that the process parameters greatly influence the quantity of oxides and the distribution of their diameters in the LPBF samples and, therefore, their corrosion stability. The most challenging part of the study was reducing the amount of ε phase relative to γ phase to increase the non-magnetic properties of the LPBF samples.Črtomir DonikJakob KranerAleksandra KocijanIrena PaulinMatjaž GodecNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Črtomir Donik Jakob Kraner Aleksandra Kocijan Irena Paulin Matjaž Godec Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
description	Abstract The key feature of Fe–Mn alloys is gradual degradability and non-magneticity, with laser power bed fusion (LPBF) parameters influencing the microstructure and chemical composition. Our study focuses on biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced by mechanically mixing pure metal feedstock powders as part of the LPBF process. The Mn content and, consequently, the γ-ε phase formation in LPBF samples are directly correlated with an adapted energy–density (E) equation by combining the five primary LPBF parameters. We varied laser power (P) in a range of 200–350 W and scanning speed at 400 and 800 mm/s, and a comprehensive study was performed on samples with similar E. The study also showed an almost linear correlation between the LPBF's laser power and the material's hardness and porosity. The corrosion resistance was significantly reduced (from 13 to 400 μm/year) for the LPBF samples compared to a conventionally produced sample due to the dual-phase microstructure, increased porosity and other defects. The static immersion test showed that the process parameters greatly influence the quantity of oxides and the distribution of their diameters in the LPBF samples and, therefore, their corrosion stability. The most challenging part of the study was reducing the amount of ε phase relative to γ phase to increase the non-magnetic properties of the LPBF samples.
format	article
author	Črtomir Donik Jakob Kraner Aleksandra Kocijan Irena Paulin Matjaž Godec
author_facet	Črtomir Donik Jakob Kraner Aleksandra Kocijan Irena Paulin Matjaž Godec
author_sort	Črtomir Donik
title	Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
title_short	Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
title_full	Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
title_fullStr	Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
title_full_unstemmed	Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
title_sort	evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable fe–mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/38b51549157a4344a222789384d06e23
work_keys_str_mv	AT crtomirdonik evolutionoftheeandgphasesinbiodegradablefemnalloysproducedusinglaserpowderbedfusion AT jakobkraner evolutionoftheeandgphasesinbiodegradablefemnalloysproducedusinglaserpowderbedfusion AT aleksandrakocijan evolutionoftheeandgphasesinbiodegradablefemnalloysproducedusinglaserpowderbedfusion AT irenapaulin evolutionoftheeandgphasesinbiodegradablefemnalloysproducedusinglaserpowderbedfusion AT matjazgodec evolutionoftheeandgphasesinbiodegradablefemnalloysproducedusinglaserpowderbedfusion
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Evolution of the ε and γ phases in biodegradable Fe–Mn alloys produced using laser powder-bed fusion

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