Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and di...

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Autores principales:	Zhihui Hu, Lingshi Yin, Xiaofeng Wen, Changbo Jiang, Yuannan Long, Jiawei Zhang, Ruyi Liu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	China human exposure organophosphate esters sources spatial distribution Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/390a599f45cb42e3a9845958da095b50
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:390a599f45cb42e3a9845958da095b502021-11-25T19:08:19ZOrganophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure10.3390/toxics91103102305-6304https://doaj.org/article/390a599f45cb42e3a9845958da095b502021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/310https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6304Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69–10.62 µgL<sup>−1</sup>), sediments (range: 0.0197–0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706–34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites’ soil (range: 0.122–2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.Zhihui HuLingshi YinXiaofeng WenChangbo JiangYuannan LongJiawei ZhangRuyi LiuMDPI AGarticleChinahuman exposureorganophosphate esterssourcesspatial distributionChemical technologyTP1-1185ENToxics, Vol 9, Iss 310, p 310 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	China human exposure organophosphate esters sources spatial distribution Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	China human exposure organophosphate esters sources spatial distribution Chemical technology TP1-1185 Zhihui Hu Lingshi Yin Xiaofeng Wen Changbo Jiang Yuannan Long Jiawei Zhang Ruyi Liu Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
description	Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69–10.62 µgL<sup>−1</sup>), sediments (range: 0.0197–0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706–34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites’ soil (range: 0.122–2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.
format	article
author	Zhihui Hu Lingshi Yin Xiaofeng Wen Changbo Jiang Yuannan Long Jiawei Zhang Ruyi Liu
author_facet	Zhihui Hu Lingshi Yin Xiaofeng Wen Changbo Jiang Yuannan Long Jiawei Zhang Ruyi Liu
author_sort	Zhihui Hu
title	Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
title_short	Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
title_full	Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
title_fullStr	Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
title_full_unstemmed	Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure
title_sort	organophosphate esters in china: fate, occurrence, and human exposure
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/390a599f45cb42e3a9845958da095b50
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_version_	1718410208164708352

Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure

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